Symposium Organizers
Vladimir Bulovic Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Seth Coe-Sullivan QD Vision, Inc.
Peter Peumans Stanford University
O1: Photovoltaics and Sensors
Session Chairs
Tuesday PM, April 18, 2006
Room 3005 (Moscone West)
9:00 AM - O1.1
New Nano-Composite Materials for Radiation Detection.
Sonia Letant 1 , Tzu-Fang Wang 1
1 Chemistry and Materials Science, LLNL, Livermore, California, United States
Show AbstractWe will demonstrate that nano-composite materials based on semiconductor quantum dots have great potential for radiation detection via scintillation. While quantum dots and laser dyes both emit in the visible range at room temperature, the Stokes shift of the dyes is significantly larger. The scintillation output of both systems was studied under alpha radiation and interpreted using a combination of energy-loss and photon transport Monte Carlo simulation models. The comparison of the two systems, which allows the quantification of the role played by the Stokes shift in the scintillation output, opens up exciting possibilities for a new class of scintillators that would take advantage of the limitless assembly of nano-crystals in large, transparent, and sturdy matrices.This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48.
9:15 AM - **O1.2
High Efficiency Organic Photovoltaic Cells with External Antennas.
Marc Baldo 1 , Tim Heidel 1 , Jon Mapel 1 , Kemal Celebi 1 , Madhusudan Singh 1
1 , MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractWe describe an organic solar cell based on the photosynthetic model of physically separated electrical and optical photovoltaic components. Our cell consists of two parts. First, a conventional, thin-film heterostructure photovoltaic cell sandwiched between two metal contacts. And second, an external antenna deposited directly on top of the heterostructure cathode. The antenna is a thin film that absorbs light and transfers energy into the charge generating structure via surface plasmon polariton modes in the metal contacts. We present both numerical modeling of the device, and experimental results, demonstrating efficient energy transfer from the antenna to the charge generating heterostructure. By separating the electrical and optical functions of the cell, we can enhance absorption, without decreasing the internal quantum efficiency or degrading the electrical characteristics. Finally, we estimate the performance limitations of the external antenna structure.
9:45 AM - O1.3
Development of Conjugated Polymers with High Carbon Nanotube Affinities for Photovoltaic Devices.
Barry Thompson 1 , Kevin Sivula 1 2 , Jean Frechet 1 2
1 Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States, 2 Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
Show AbstractWe have designed a family of conjugated polymers with structural features intended to impart a high affinity for single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The described polymers are primarily based on a polythiophene backbone as a means of producing polymers with electronic and processing characteristics similar to poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), which has proven so useful in polymer-fullerene solar cells. The specific recognition groups utilized for supramolecular interaction with the SWNTs are based on either pyrene or PmPV (poly (m-phenylenevinylene-co-2,5-dioctoxy-p-phenylenevinylene), both of which have been previously established as giving a strong non-covalent interaction with SWNTs. Random linear copolymers and graft copolymers are the focus of the work. The synthesis of PmPV and related oligomers with well-defined end-groups was realized through the Siegrist polycondensation enabling the use of a grafting-to technique with suitably functionalized polythiophene copolymers. On the other hand, the synthesis of pyrene-functionalized polythiophene copolymers was realized by direct copolymerization of 2-bromo-3-hexylthiophene and 2-bromo-3-(2-(pyren-1-yl)vinyl)thiophene. The electronic band structure of the synthesized polymers has been evaluated using electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques. The mobility of the pristine polymer samples has been compared with that of P3HT using field-effect conditions. Finally, polymers have been characterized for their interaction with SWNTs in solar cells. A morphological study has also been undertaken to elucidate the interactions of the polymers and the SWNTs and the role of these interactions in controlling film morphology and device performance.
10:00 AM - **O1.4
Polymer/nanoparticle Photovoltaic Devices.
Neil Greenham 1
1 , University of Cambridge, Cambridge United Kingdom
Show AbstractI will describe recent progress in fabricating efficient photovoltaic devices based on blends of conjugated polymers with inorganic nanoparticles. Using CdSe tetrapods, solar power conversion efficiencies of close to 3% have been achieved by controlling the rate of solvent evaporation during spin-coating. This allows a vertical segregation of the tetrapods within the film, which assists in electron transport towards the appropriate electrode. I will also describe spectroscopic measurements of charge transfer and recombination at the nanoparticle/polymer interface.
11:00 AM - **O1.5
Nanocrystalline Semiconductor Junctions, Surface Confined Charge Transport and Interfacial Electron Transfer.
Michael Graetzel 1
1 , Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne, Lausanne Switzerland
Show AbstractThe lecture describes electronic processes in hybrid materials comprising redox-active molecular species that are adsorbed by self-assembly at the surface of nanocrystaline oxide films. Photo-induced interfacial charge separation and cross-surface electron-or hole transfer are particularly intriguing processes, which have attracted wide spread attention. Charge propagation within the monomolecular films can be controlled by rational design of the molecular relay function. Similarly, molecular engineering of sensitizers allows photo-induced electron injection from an excited chromophore into the conduction band of the oxide nanoparticles to proceed quantitatively on a femtosecond time scale while the recapture of the charge by the oxidized sensitizer is many orders of magnitude slower. Applications of these systems in sensor, lithium ion batteries and photovoltaic devices will be demonstrated.
11:30 AM - O1.6
Solution-processed Hybrid Polymer-Quantum Dot Nanocomposite for Infrared Photodetection and Photorefractivity.
Kaushik Roy Choudhury 1 , Won Jin Kim 3 2 , Yudhisthira Sahoo 2 , Kwang-Sup Lee 3 2 , Paras Prasad 2 1
1 Department of Physics, Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States, 3 Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hannam University, Daejeon Korea (the Republic of), 2 Department of Chemistry, Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
Show Abstract The prospect of replacing electronic devices with faster, more efficient, more sensitive, and more reliable optical counterparts is a particularly fascinating driver for the development of new materials for optoelectronics. In this context, organic semiconductors and polymers, nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs), and their composites have attracted significant research efforts over the past two decades. The development of such multifunctional composites attributed with photoconductive and photorefractive properties with spectral response in the technologically important near-infrared wavelength range is highly desirable. We have successfully integrated high-quality solution-processible nanocrystal QDs (PbS, PbSe), active over a wide spectral range in the infrared (IR), organic molecules and polymers to fabricate efficient photoconductive and photorefractive devices operational at important optical communication wavelengths. Size tunable absorption in the semiconductor QDs enabled us to successfully sensitize the hybrid devices and tune their photoresponse in the IR. Efficient harvesting of photo-generated carriers led to high photocurrents at 1340 nm, yielding a photoconductive quantum efficiency among the highest reported to date. In the photorefractive composites, pronounced two-beam coupling effect was observed, leading to high optical gains achievable by low-power continuous-wave illumination, without the necessity of any lock-in techniques. Using colloidally-fabricated PbSe QDs, the photoresponse was further extended to 1550 nm. Dynamic holographic gratings were efficiently written in the composite leading to the first observation of net optical gain. A steady state diffraction efficiency of ~ 40% was obtained in the dynamic refractive-index gratings with appreciable response times. In order to enhance the photoconductive performance, the organic semiconducting molecule pentacene, which is of great interest for fabricating organic thin-film transistors, was successfully incorporated into the hybrid photoconducting composite. Pentacene is an excellent choice in this respect, having one of the highest reported mobilities and being environmentally stable. At the operating wavelength of 1340 nm, the photocurrent increases significantly as the amount of pentacene in the composite increases, resulting in a spectacular improvement of external quantum efficiency over previous results. Thus, a high-performance hybrid IR photodetector is successfully realized.
11:45 AM - **O1.7
Charge Transport and Electron Transfer at Organic-inorganic Interfaces in Field Effect Transistors and Photovoltaic Cells.
Michael McGehee 1 , Joseph Kline 1 , Chia Goh 1 , Bhavani Srinivasan 1
1 Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
Show Abstract12:15 PM - O1.8
High-Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells using Solution-Based Titanium Oxide Layer.
Kwanghee Lee 2 1 , Jin Young Kim 1 2 , Wanli Ma 1 , Alan Heeger 1
2 Deaprtment of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan Korea (the Republic of), 1 Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
Show AbstractWe report that high efficiency polymer photovoltaic cells with ~5% power conversion efficiency under AM1.5 illumination have been achieved using titanium oxide (TiOx) as an optical spacer. Solar cells with a TiOx layer (deposited by a sol-gel process) between the active layer and the electron collecting aluminum electrode exhibit approximately 50% enhancement in power conversion efficiency compared to similar devices without the optical spacer. The TiOx layer increases the efficiency by modifying the spatial distribution of the light intensity inside the device, thereby creating more photogenerated charge carriers in the bulk heterojunction layer.
12:30 PM - **O1.9
Solution-Processed Photovoltaics Beyond 1 um Using Colloidal Quantum Dots
Edward (Ted) Sargent 1
1 Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Show AbstractSolution-processed photovoltaics offer the attractive possibility of low cost of manufacture and deployment. Their power conversion efficiency limits their deployment to date. One contributor to low AM1.5 power conversion efficiency is polymer and organic photovoltaics' typical lack of absorbance beyond 700 nm. Half of the sun's power reaching the earth lies in the infrared. Multijunction solar cells separately and efficiently collecting blue, red, near-infrared, and short-wavelength infrared photons could lead to considerably more than a doubling in AM1.5 power conversion efficiency.Short-wavelength infrared photovoltaics are also of interest in thermophotovoltaics: the direct conversion of infrared power emitted by hot objects into electrical power.We will summarize progress towards efficient short-wavelength infrared photovoltaics, beginning with the first (very low efficiency) report [McDonald2005], subsequent progress (> 1% external quantum efficiency [Maria2005], and closing with our very latest findings.[McDonald2005]S. A. McDonald, G. Konstantatos, S. Zhang, P. W. Cyr, E. J. D. Klem, L. Levina, E. H. Sargent, "Solution-processed PbS quantum dot infrared photodetectors and photovoltaics," Nature Materials, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 138-142, 2005.[Maria2005] Ahmed Maria, Paul W. Cyr, Ethan J. D. Klem, Larissa Levina, Edward H. Sargent, "Solution-processed infrared photovoltaics devices with >10% monochromatic internal quantum efficiency," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 87, 213112, 2005.
O2: Processes in Nanocrystal/Plasmon Enhanced Hybrids
Session Chairs
Tuesday PM, April 18, 2006
Room 3005 (Moscone West)
2:30 PM - O2.1
Plasmonic Emission Enhancement from Metallodielectrics-Capped ZnO films.
Weihai Ni 1 , Jin An 1 , J.B. Xu 1 , H.C. Ong 1
1 Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Hong Kong
Show Abstract2:45 PM - O2.2
Fabrication and Characterization of Transparent Hybrid Metal Nanoparticles/photopolymer Probes.
Olivier Soppera 1 , Abdellah Moustaghfir 1 , Daniel Lougnot 1 , Dominique Burget 1 , Lavinia Balan 1 , Renaud Bachelot 2
1 Department of Photochemistry - UHA, CNRS UMR 7525, MULHOUSE France, 2 Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique - UTT, CNRS FRE 2671, Troyes France
Show AbstractScanning Near Field Optical Microscopy (SNOM) has gained special interest in the last years since this technique allows to optically analyze and characterize the physico-chemical properties of surfaces with a sub-wavelength resolution. Today, several experimental techniques are used to fabricate SNOM aperture tips (by etching, micro-abrasion, electrical or thermal fusion, FIB…) but these processes suffer from a few drawbacks : high time consuming, low reproducibility and irregular shapes at the extremity. Consequently, such probes have characteristics (in terms of chemical composition and geometry) that limit not only the resolution but also the sensibility and/or the ratio signal/noise of the microscope. Today, it is still impossible to reach the theoretical resolution limit (a few nm) and the detection of the signals can hardly be achieved in the case of low-yield phenomena (Raman spectroscopy for example). A new technique to elaborate polymer microlenses at the end of optical fiber was recently developed. This process, based on photopolymerization, allows to create polymer lenses with sub-micronic diameter and with well-controlled geometry. The optical element is directly built at the end of the optical fiber, exactly aligned with the core of the fiber. Among other advantages, this process is easy to carry out and highly versatile to make tips with adjustable length and diameter.In parallel, we recently developed photopolymerizable resins that were compatible with the introduction of well-defined metallic nanoparticules (Au, Bi, …). We demonstrated that these resin were suitable to shape polymer tips doped with metal nanoparticles. The impact of the nanoparticules on the building of the hybrid probe is discussed. In addition, we analysed the spatial distribution of the nanoparticules in the polymer tip.The aim of this work is to graft a single nano-object at the very end of the optical fiber that can be used to enhance the near-field contribution of the electro-magnetic field by plasmon resonance either on illumination or collection mode. Considering the size and the geometry of the functionalized probe, the theoretical resolution is expected to go below 10 nm. Such performances would definitely demonstrate the potential of SNOM in the field of nano-optics. Applications of the nano-functionalized in the field of chemical or biological sensors are also to be expected.
3:00 PM - **O2.3
Hybrid Metal/Organic Devices - Towards Plasmolecular Electronics And Photonics.
Mark Brongersma 1
1 Department of MS&E, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
Show AbstractThe enormous growth of the semiconductor and communication industries has increased the demand for nanoscale electronic and photonic devices on a chip. I will discuss a number of chip-scale, hybrid metal/organic components that exhibit useful photonic and/or electronic functionality. First, I present a combined computational and near-field optics study on passive metal-optical (plasmonic) structures in which light can be manipulated at the nanoscale. I will then demonstrate how the unique properties of optically and electrically active molecules can be combined with plasmonic structures to open up a new area of research and device technologies: plasmolecular electronics and photonics. A number of devices will be discussed that are based on nanoscale metal-molecule-metal junctions in which one can control the flow of electrons based on optical signals or control the flow of light based on electronic signals. These devices enable an enhanced synergy between electronics, photonics, and plasmonics and form the basic building blocks for circuits of a more complex architecture. I will conclude by commenting on the prospects for such circuits.
3:30 PM - O2.4
Optical Characterization of CdSe Colloidal Quantum Dot/ MEH-PPV Polymer Nanocomposites Spin-cast on GaAs Substrates.
Adrienne Stiff-Roberts 1 , Abhishek Gupta 1 , Zhiya Zhao 1
1 Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
Show AbstractSemiconductor colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are typically used in photonic and electro-optic devices to sensitize polymers at a specific wavelength corresponding to the CQD size. Often, these nanocomposites are deposited on glass substrates in the form of sol-gel or Langmuir-Blodgett thin films. It is desirable to deposit CQD/polymer nanocomposites on semiconductor substrates for optoelectronic devices analogous to those achieved using Stranski-Krastanow quantum dots grown by epitaxy. CQD active regions should improve device performance due to: i) the ability to yield highly-uniform ensembles of nanostructures through size-filtering, and ii) the simplification of device design since quantum-sized effects are related to spherical CQDs. To date, there have been relatively few investigations of CQD thin-films deposited on GaAs or Si substrates. However, it is crucial to develop a better understanding of the optical properties of these hybrid material systems if such heterostructures are to be used for optoelectronic devices, such as infrared (IR) photodetectors. Several groups have demonstrated interband, near-IR sensitivity in CQD/polymer nanocomposites[Leatherdale,etal.,Phys.Rev.B,62,2669(2000).;McDonald,etal.,Appl.Phys.Lett.,85,2089(2004)]. The motivation and distinct approach for this work is the use of intraband transitions within CQDs for the detection of mid- and/or long-wave IR light. For this purpose, CQDs must be embedded in a potential barrier material, such as a polymer (considered theoretically by Binks [IEEEJ.Quant.Electron.,40,1140(2004)]). The CdSe CQD/MEH-PPV polymer nanocomposite material is well-suited for this application due to the ~1.5 eV difference between the corresponding electron affinities. Therefore, CdSe CQDs embedded in MEH-PPV should provide electron quantum confinement such that intraband transitions can occur in the conduction band. By depositing the CQD/polymer nanocomposite on epitaxial GaAs layers featuring various degenerate doping levels and measuring the corresponding optical properties (photoluminescence and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy), the feasibility of these intraband transitions will be demonstrated. Previously, we have demonstrated improved CQD ensemble uniformity due to the spin–cast deposition of CdSe/CdS CQD thin films on GaAs substrates, and we have demonstrated that spin-cast CQDs interact with GaAs substrates such that different doping characteristics of the substrate influence the structural and optical properties of the CQDs[Stiff-Roberts et al., EMC 2005, Santa Barbara, CA]. These results inform the current work in which the CQD/polymer nanocomposites are spin-cast on GaAs substrates.
3:45 PM - O2.5
Hot Excitation Transfer from Nanocrystals into Semiconductor Substrates
Siyuan Lu 1 , Anupam Madhukar 1
1 , University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
Show Abstract Integration of epitaxical and colloidal semiconductor nanostructures into integrated hybrid structures can potentially open unprecedented functionalities that combine the strengths of the epitaxical nanostructure in optoelectronics with the versatility of the nanocrystal quantum dots (NCQDs) and their application in solution environment. Historically, the excitation transfer from adsorbed molecules into semiconductor substrate has been a well studied subject. The NCQDs, as artificial molecules, offer the opportunity to freely manipulate, through their size, composition, and surface functionalization, their energy levels and energy barriers to the energies in an underlining substrate. This opens the possibility of tailoring excitation (charge, energy) transfer between the NCQDs and the substrate of choice. Here we report on studies of optical response of InAs/ZnSe core-shell NCQDs functionalized with TOP (trioctylphosphine) molecules adsorbed in submonolayer coverages on GaAs (001) substrates. A principal finding is the evidence for excitation transfer out of directly excited NCQDs at a rate faster than the intra-dot relaxation to the ground state. This is indicated by the quenching of NCQDs luminescence when the excitation energy goes beyond a critical value just below GaAs bandgap. We present systematic studies of the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) behavior as a function of the temperature. The observed behavior substantiates the "hot" excitation transfer and provides some insights into potential mechanisms of such excitation transfer. The observation of “hot” excitation transfer from NCQDs to states arising from the presence of the interface, demonstrated for the first time, may have significant technological impact on the application of NCQDs in novel integrated hybrid nanostructures. This work is supported by DARPA/AFOSR under the DURINT program.
4:30 PM - **O2.6
Fowler-Nordheim Tunneling from Metallic Nanoparticles in a Semiconducting Host.
Campbell Scott 1 , Luisa Bozano 1
1 , IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California, United States
Show AbstractSeveral of the candidates for new nonvolatile memory elements are based on nanoparticles (NPs) blended into a polymeric host. It has been suggested [Bozano et al, J. Appl. Phys. 2004] that the NPs serve as charge traps. When the trapped charge density is high, the resulting space-charge field inhibits current flow. In another proposed mechanism [Ouyang et al, Nature Materials, 2004] the NPs act as donors to the charge transport acceptor species doped into the polymer. Distinguishing between these and other possible mechanisms will depend on quantitative analysis of transport and switching behavior. Here we address the field dependent rates of charging and discharging, extending Fowler-Nordheim theory to include the effect of charge conservation and the charge remaining on the NP. Taking into account the energy levels of NP and host, the polarization of the NP, its charge state and the image charge acting on the released electron, the rate of charge release (detrapping or ionization) is calculated. The range of rates is exponentially large: for example, for typical barrier heights, the detrapping rate from a singly charged NP in zero field varies from ~1E11 s^-1 at 1 nm diameter to less than 1E-9 s^-1 at 2 nm. The trapping rate depends on radius, and is strongly affected by the charge state of the NP and its neighbors. Several of the predictions of these calculation are testable by experiment.
5:00 PM - O2.7
Influence of the Surface Charge of Semiconductor Nanocrystals on Polyelectrolyte Multilayers.
Vamsi Komarala 1 , yury Rakovich 1 , Louise Bradley 1 , John Donegan 1 , Stephen Byrne 2 , Yury Gunko 2
1 Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin Ireland, 2 chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin Ireland
Show Abstract5:15 PM - **O2.8
Charge Transport and Excited State Dynamics in Polymer/Nanoparticle Blends
Sue Carter 1 , Stephanie Chasteen 1 , Veronica Sholin 1 , Daniel Simon 1 , Mike Griffo 1 , J. Campbell Scott 2 , Luisa Bozano 2 , Garry Rumbles 3
1 Physics, University of California, Scotts Valley, California, United States, 2 , IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California, United States, 3 , National Renewable Energy Laboratories, Golden, Colorado, United States
Show AbstractThe blending of nanoparticles into a semiconducting polymer can lead to dramatic improvements in organic device performance through interesting modifications to both the polymer’s excited state dynamics as well as its charge transport. In the simplistic picture, nanoparticles quench the excited state exciton of the polymer and reduce the polymer’s carrier mobility by inducing charge traps; however, the introduction of nanoparticles can also increase the photoluminescence efficiency and greatly improve charge transport in the polymer. For example, we have shown that the addition of dielectric nanoparticles into an electroluminescent polymer, such as MEHPPV, can result in a large increase in the effective electric field across the devices and subsequently large increases in an OLED’s power efficiency. Furthermore, the addition of nanoparticles into photoconductive polymers can increase, as well as decrease, the photoluminescence efficiency and excited state decay in addition to modifying the polymer’s carrier mobility. In this talk, I will review the current theories and experimental results that describe the role of nanoparticles in modifying the electrical and optical properties of semiconducting polymers in the context of both OLED and photovoltaic devices. I will compare steady state and time resolved photoluminescence data with current-voltage characteristics taken on the same working device to elucidate the role that these effects ultimately have on device performance. I will also discuss our quasi-1D model that provides an adequate steady-state description of exciton generation and recombination as well as charge transport is polymer/nanoparticle blends. An interesting extension of these results is the study of blends of polymers with metallic nanoparticles, where competing effects, such as exciton quenching/charge trapping and surface enhanced fluorescence, occur. I will conclude by discussing our most recent results on understanding how metallic nanoparticles affect the charge dynamics in semiconducting polymers, focusing on the bistable memory effect and its role in polymer OLEDs and PVs.
5:45 PM - O2.9
Charge Transfer Between Semiconductor Quantum Dots and a Pi Conjugated Organic Polymer.
Don Selmarten 1 , Marcus Jones 1 , Garry Rumbles 1 , Pinrong Yu 1 , Jovan Nedeljkovic 1 , Sean Shaheen 2
1 Center for Basic Science, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, United States, 2 Center for Photovoltaics, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, United States
Show AbstractO3: Poster Session: Hybrid Materials and Devices
Session Chairs
Wednesday AM, April 19, 2006
Salons 8-15 (Marriott)
9:00 PM - O3.1
The Explanation of Interfacial Property in Liquid Lens with Multilayer System : Molecular View.
Jihye Shim 1 , Sung Soo Park 1 , JongYun Kim 1 , Hayong Jung 2 , JaeYoung Bae 2
1 Central R&D Institute, Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co.,Ltd., Suwon Korea (the Republic of), 2 Opto-System Division, Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co.,Ltd., Suwon Korea (the Republic of)
Show AbstractRecently, micro optical systems employing electrowetting (liquid lens) have been focused on due to their small size and high dynamic tunability. Many works concentrated on the viability of these systems to microlens within the framework of mechanical and optical issues such as device structure, focal length, and dioptric power.[1] However, there have been little research about the qualification of liquid which satisfies environmental conditions for electric device. As noted by Kuiper and Hendriks[2], the environmental condition for electric application is severe, so that a camera importing liquid lens should operate between -30 and +70 celcius degree. At low temperature, the freezing problem of liquid can be solved using a highly concentrated salt solution or an antifreezing solution. On the other hand, as the temperature increases, immiscible liquid materials at room temperature can blend, react among themselves, and produce an unexpected by-product. Nevertheless, the physical and chemical properties of liquid depending on the temperature have not been seriously considered in this area.We have investigated the change of the interface between conducting and non-conducting liquid layers as the temperature increases by using empirical molecular dynamics simulation and density-functional theory calculation. The stability of the liquid layers at high temperature was evaluated by simulation results such as the density profile of liquid components, their distribution near the interface, the interface width and chemical reactivity between them, which depends on the molecular species consisting of liquid and its concentration. We found that the organic solvent including halogen atoms, alkyl halide, easily penetrates into conducting liquid layer and reacts with its substances, which is added to increase a refractive index and density of non-conducting liquid. We also presented an optimized solution including the minimum organic solvent and satisfying the requisites for an optical device. [1] M. W. J. Prins, W. J. J. Welters, J. W. Weekamp, Science 291, 277 (2001).[2] S. Kuiper and B. H. W. Hendriks, App. Phys. Lett. 85, 1128 (2004).
9:00 PM - O3.11
Preparation and Use of Modified Self-Assembled Thin Films for Detection of Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen.
Aaron Anderson 1 , Andrew Dattelbaum 3 , Jennifer Martinez 3 , Jurgen Schmidt 2 , Basil Swanson 1
1 C-PCS, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States, 3 MST-CINT, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States, 2 B-3, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States
Show AbstractPreviously, our team developed assays for detecting cholera toxin and B. anthracis protective antigen using phospholipid bilayer membranes supported on a silica-coated waveguide detection platform. Lipid bilayer membranes offered excellent resistance to non-specific absorption for these assays. However, lipid membranes are not robust and do not endure either prolonged storage or use under harsh conditions. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a new self-assembly process to afford a polyethylene glycol (PEG) surface terminated with a fraction of biotin moieties that can be used in a variety of binding assays. In this presentation, we will describe the preparation and characterization of the PEG coatings on oxide surfaces, as well as their effectiveness in detection assays. These results will be compared to our previously developed assays using the lipid membrane systems. In particular, we will address issues of stability and non-specific absorption of biomolecules that make our newly prepared functionalized PEG surfaces advantageous for the detection of disease markers and pathogens.
9:00 PM - O3.12
Photo-Patternable Epoxy-Oligosiloxane Hybrid Materials (Epoxy Hybrimers) for Fabrication of Thermally Stable Microstructures
Kyung Ho Jung 1 , Eun-Young Lee 1 , Byeong-Soo Bae 1
1 Materials science and engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon Korea (the Republic of)
Show AbstractPhotosensitive polymer system such as acrylate and epoxy for application to the design of photo-resist (PR) which accompanies the structural change with UV dose can easily fabricate the microstructures by simple developing process. In particular, many researchers’ have interested in fabrication of microstructures with thick and high aspect ratio using high photosensitive polymers to apply for the dielectric materials of MEMS, RF or microwave devices. However, the fabricated microstructures are not resistent in high temperature since the photosensitive polymers are thermally unstable. In recent years, organic-inorganic hybrid materials which are thermally stable over polymers have been studied for application of electronic and optical devices. These organic-inorganic hybid materials can be photo-curable by incorporation of acryl or epoxy organics in the hybrid materials. Actually, it has been founded that acryl-based hybrid materials (acryl hybrimers) are photo-patternable to fabricate the microstructures integrated optical or electronic devices. In this study, we synthesized the photo-curable cycloaliphatic epoxy grafted oligosiloxane using simple non-hydrolytic sol-gel process and achieve the photo-curable epoxy hybrimers using epoxy polymerization with arysulfornium salts as a cationic initiator. We confirmed synthesis of epoxy-oligosiloxane nanoclusters by 29Si, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transformation spectroscopy (FT-IR) and also measured the properties and the structures of epoxy-oligosiloxane nanoclusters with contents by small angle x-ray scatterings (SAX), matrix-assisted laser desorption-time flight (MALDI-TOF), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). We estimated UV polymerization behavior of epoxy hybrimers by solid state 13C NMR and FT-IR. We obtained over 90% degree of polymerization by just 30 second UV (365nm H lamp) exposure. We fabricated the thick films over 170μm on the substrate by single spin coating. Dielectric constant of films was 2~3 at 1MHz and refractive index was over 1.5 with low birefringence. For fabrication of thick and high aspect ratio microstructure, thick epoxy hybrimer film was spin coated on the substrate. Then we exposed UV on the film with Cr photo mask. Finally, we developed the pattern which had the high aspect ratio using developing solution (2-propanol and n-propyl acetate). The fabricated microstructures had over 100μm thick and 10:1 aspect ratio. These microstructures were not deformed even above 250 °C heat treatment. Therefore, it is expected that the epoxy hybrimer can be used as the photo-patternable dielectric materials in application of MEMS, RF and microwave devices.
9:00 PM - O3.13
Novel Organosiloxane-based Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Dielectrics for Organic Thin-film Transistors
Sunho Jeong 1 , Bong-Kyun Park 1 , Jooho Moon 1
1 School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul Korea (the Republic of)
Show AbstractUsing a thermal-crosslinkable organosiloxane-based organic-inorganic hybrid material, solution-processable gate dielectric layer for organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) have been fabricated. The hybrid dielectrics were synthesized by the sol-gel process and an acid-catalyzed solution of tetraethylorthosilicate and methyltriethoxysilane was used as a precursor solution to produce the hybrid dielectrics by spin-coating. Heat-treatment conditions for the prepared hybrid dielectric were optimized to obtain the high-quality dielectric performance. The influence of heat-treatment temperature on a leakage current behavior was analyzed by studying the structural changes of the organosiloxane-based dielectric using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The surface of the synthesized dielectric was also modified by self-assembly molecules (SAMs) treatment to improve the leakage current behavior. The untreated hybrid dielectric and SAMs-treated hybrid dielectric exhibit the high breakdown E-field of 1 MV/cm and 1.4 MV/cm, respectively, with the same dielectric constant of 4.0. Atomic force microscopy reveals that the hybrid dielectrics have a smooth surface morphology with the rms value of 0.5 nm.
9:00 PM - O3.14
Synthesis of Photo-patternable Imide Hybrid Nanocomposite Using Amine and Methacryl Modified Oligosiloxane Nanoclusters.
Tae-Ho Lee 1 , Jong-Pil Jeong 1 , Byeong-Soo Bae 1
1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Science and Technology, Daejeon Korea (the Republic of)
Show AbstractPolyimides have been widely used as electronic materials in the large-scale integrated circuit industry, because of their outstanding features such as high thermal stability, high mechanical strength and excellent electrical properties. In particular, photosensitive polyimides with direct patternability are required because they can be used to simplify complicated processes and reduce processing cost. However, most of the photosensitive aromatic polyimides have dark colors and poor optical transparency in the range of visible lights. For optical applications such as waveguides and insulating layers in display devices, colorless photosensitive polyimides have to be developed without degradation of thermal stability and mechanical strengths. Inorganic-organic hybrid nanocomposites have attracted much attention as a useful synthetic route to enhance thermal stability and optical transparency of the polyimides. The incorporation of siloxane clusters and silica nanoparticles into polyimides could make it possible to fabricate desired materials. The use of siloxane clusters with various organic groups such as amine, epoxide and methacryl generated good compatibilities with polymers and additional functionalities. In this study, we fabricated new photosensitive imide hybrid nanocomposites using amine and methacryl modified oligosiloxanes nanoclusters (AMON). AMON synthesized by sol-gel process had excellent optical transparency and uniform sizes below 2 nm. Alicyclic dianhydrides were used for colorless polyimide precursors. Amine groups in AMON covalently bonded with alicyclic dianhydrides, producing amic acid and methcaryl groups in AMON generated photosensitivity in fabricated nanocomposites. After imidization, amic acids were converted to imide groups by ring closure and photosensitive imide hybrid nanocomposites (PINs) were prepared. The final structures of AMON and PINs were analyzed by 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and small angle neutron scatterings (SANS). The thermal stability, optical transparency and mechanical strength depending on processing parameters of PINs were evaluated by TGA, UV-vis spectroscopy, tensile test and TMA. The negative-typed photo-patterning of PINs was prepared from PINs containing photoinitiator. The line and circular shaped patterns were obtained by conventional photo-lithography using high power mercury lamp (365 nm). The surface topology and resolution of patterns were observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
9:00 PM - O3.15
Dual Optical/Conductive doped photopolymer probes for Near Field Scanning Microscopy: Fabrication and characterization
Dominique Burget 1 , Lavinia Balan 1 , Olivier Soppera 1 , Daniel-Joseph Lougnot 1
1 Departement de Photochimie Generale, Universite de Haute Alsace, Mulhouse France
Show Abstract9:00 PM - O3.17
Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance from Metal Nanoparticle Polymer Blends- The Role of Field Shaping.
Kyungkon Kim 1 , David Carroll 1
1 Physics, The Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials , Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States
Show AbstractWe obtained improved poly (3 octylethiophene)(P3OT)/C60 bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices by doping with stable and highly electrically conducting gold (Au) and silver(Ag) nanoparticles. Doped devices showed 50-70% improved efficiency with the Ag nanoparticles exhibiting greatest increase in efficiency. We suggest that a dominate mechanism for efficiency enhancment of the doped photovoltaic devices is the improved electrical conductivity through the introduction of dopant levels within the HOMO LUMO gap of the P3OT and the enhancement to active layer absoprtion due to nanoparticle scattering playing only a secondary role.
9:00 PM - O3.18
Polymer-Clay Hybrid Dielectric Layer for Flexible Organic Thin Film Transistors.
Sei Uemura 1 , Takehito Kodzasa 1 , Manabu Yoshida 1 , Satoshi Hoshino 1 , Kouji Suemori 1 , Noriyuki Takada 1 , Toshihide Kamata 1
1 , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Show AbstractRecently, much attention has been paid on the development of flexible devices for the future mobile devices such as mobile displays. In order to develop the flexible devices, the component materials should have flexibility. This is a reason why organic devices such as organic transistors and organic diodes have received much attention in these days. For these purpose, not only an active layer but also other parts should be prepared by flexible materials. Then, many try to develop an organic insulator, especially a polymer insulator, for the organic transistors. However, there are still many problems for the polymer insulator. For example, usually polymer is inferior to the characteristic of a gas barrier, then it often causes the decline of transistor performance. In this study, we have examined to develop an Organic/Inorganic hybrid thin film for the gate dielectric layer of an organic transistor to prevent the penetrated gas effects and improve the FET performance. We have prepared polymer transistor using polythiophene as an active layer. As a polymer gate dielectric, we have examined PVA and PMMA. The FET properties of the polymer transistor with simple PMMA or PVA gate insulator was strongly affected by the circumstance. The detailed analysis of the effect, we have revealed that the effect of the water is serious for such a FET performance. H2O affected not only on the polymer semiconductor layer but also on the polymer insulator layer. It has been known that clay has high gas barrier properties thus it can be a good candidate for the passivation material. However, it is not easy to prepare its film with flexibility and high quality by itself. Then, we have examined to prepare a hybrid thin film between polymer and clay (M0.2-0.6X2-3Si4O10(OH)2 ). The polymer/clay hybrid thin film was prepared by laminating their thin film each others from their solutions. In case that the clay layer thickness is enough thin, the polymer film kept its flexibility. The hybrid thin film was used as the gate dielectric of a polymer field effect transistor. In case of the PVA/clay hybrid thin film, the FET performance was not so improved. However, PMMA/clay hybrid thin film gives us remarkable improvement of the FET performance. The gate leak current was reduced more than one order, and the hysteresis of the out-put characteristics was disappeared. These results revealed that the hybridization of polymer and clay was effective to prevent the water influence on the transistor operation. It has been known that the clay has layered structure in its film. The gas and ions has been often intercalated in the layered structure. We also found from the structural study of the organic semiconductor layer that the clay layer act as a template to improve the structural orientation of the polymer semiconductor layer which was prepared on the dielectric layer. These may be reasons why the hybrid layer gave the improvement of the FET properties of organic transistors.
9:00 PM - O3.19
Linear Arrays Of Nanoparticles On Cellulose Nanofilaments Using Engineered Proteins
Qi Xu 1 , Shi-You Ding 1 , Marcus Jones 1 , Melvin Tucker 1 , Garry Rumbles 1 , Mike Himmel 1
1 Basic Science and National Bioenergy Center, Natinal Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, Colorado, United States
Show Abstract9:00 PM - O3.2
Preparation and Characterization of Polymer-Metal Nanocomposites for Photovoltaic Applications.
Daniel Skorski 3 , Tyler Pounds 1 , Abhijit Biswas 2 , Hergen Eilers 2 , Grant Norton 1
3 Materials Science and Engineering, Alfred University, Alfred, New York, United States, 1 Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States, 2 Applied Sciences Laboratory, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States
Show Abstract9:00 PM - O3.20
Dye-Sensitized TiO2 Solar Cells with P3HT Polymer Blended PCBM as Hole Transporter and Light Harvester.
Lewis Abra 1 , Robert Echols 1 , Michael Hiatt 1 , K. Steirer 1
1 Physics, Cal Poly State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States
Show Abstract9:00 PM - O3.21
Hybrid Polymer Based High Q Microcavity Biosensor.
Sudhaprasanna Padigi 1 , Mingdi Yan 2 , Andres La Rosa 3 , Shalini Prasad 1
1 Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States, 2 Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States, 3 Physics, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States
Show AbstractMicro Photonic sensors have recently been the most intensively researched upon topic from the point of view of developing ultra-sensitive bio-chemical sensors. We are currently developing the High Q technology on a chip, towards the realization of ultra-compact and ultra-sensitive biosensor technology. We are investigating the possibility of using pH sensitive polymer material to create polymer micro-resonators on a chip. The micro-resonators are characterized by traveling wave whispering gallery modes (WGM). The micro-resonators are excited through evanescent coupling either by tapered optical fibers or through side-polished optical fiber. The device efficiency is characterized through the Finesse value and the Q-values, which indicate the sensitivity of the device in detecting the changes in the micro environment of the device. Based on the molecules of interest, the polymer can be chemically functionalized, resulting in the realization of an ultra-sensitive micro-photonic bio-sensor. The ultimate goal is to create an array of micro-photonic resonators on a single chip and functionalize each of them separately for different chemical and biological species. This would result in the detection of a hybrid mixture of chemical and biological species.
9:00 PM - O3.22
Morphology Study of a Hybrid Structure Based on Porous Silicon and Polypyrrole.
Ma. Concepcion Arenas 1 , Hailin Hu 1 , J. Antonio del Rio 2 , Ma. Elena Nicho-Diaz 3
1 Solar Materials, CIE-UNAM, Temixco, Morelos, Mexico, 2 Theoretical Physic, CIE-UNAM, Temixco, Morelos, Mexico, 3 Polymeric Materials, CIICAp- UAEM, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Show Abstract9:00 PM - O3.23
Photoresponsive Sol-gel Derived Hybrid Materials.
Lihua Zhao 1 , Matthias Vaupel 2 , Douglas Loy 3 , Kenneth Shea 1
1 Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States, 2 , Nanofilm Technologie, Goettingen Germany, 3 Department of Chemistry and Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
Show Abstract Photoresponsive materials are those with mechanical, electrical and/or optical properties that are modulated by light. Advances in photonics are often limited by the availability of multifunctional materials. Sol-gel derived hybrid materials that covalently integrate photoresponsive groups allow high loading and control of chromophore dispersion with reduction of dye mobility. The sol-gel matrix provides long-term stability. Here we report an optically transparent, thermally robust, sol-gel derived photoresponsive hybrid material. The materials are derived from a photodimer of 7-hydroxy-coumarin, a naturally occurring substance found in many species of plants. Irradiation at short wavelengths induces photofragmentation and produces a coumarin molecule that fluoresces (390 nm) upon irradiation at 350 nm. The photopatterns can be generated in thin films of this material through a photomask and revealed by fluorescence microscopy and imaging ellipsometry. The photopatterns can be “erased” by irradiation at 324 nm. These sol-gel derived hybrid materials have merit for creating optical circuitry, optical data storage, secure recognition, optical waveguides and interference filters.
9:00 PM - O3.24
A Novel Hybrid Based on σ-Conjugated Hyperbranched polymethylphenylsilane-co-methylsilane (PMPS-co-MS) and fullerene (C60): PMPS-co-MS-C60
Jiang Yu 1 , Weijian Xu 1 , Zhenghua Zhang 1 , Yu Ni 1 , Yanbing Lu 1 , Yuanqin Xiong 1
1 College of chemistry and chemical engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Show Abstract9:00 PM - O3.25
The Effect of Interfaces on Performance of MEH-PPV/CdS Blend Solar Cells
Chanchana Thanachayanont 1 , Kroekchai Inpor 2 , Somboon Sahasithiwat 1 , Chanipat Euvanannont 1 , Laongdao Menbangpung 1 , Vissanu Meeyoo 2 , Peerapol Yuvapoositano 2
1 Nanomaterials, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Pathumthani Thailand, 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok Thailand
Show Abstract9:00 PM - O3.27
Connecting Curable Siloxanes to Luminescent Organic Semiconductors - Monomers for Functional Hybrid Materials
Heiner Detert 1
1 Organic Chemistry, Universitaet Mainz, Mainz Germany
Show Abstract9:00 PM - O3.28
Hybrid Organic Oxide/Al Composite Cathode for Efficient Polymer LEDs.
Tzung-Fang Guo 1 , Fuh-Shun Yang 1 , Zen-Jay Tsai 1 , Ten-Chin Wen 2 , Sung-Nien Hsieh 2 , Yaw-Shyan Fu 3 , Chia-Tin Chung 4
1 Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan Taiwan, 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan Taiwan, 3 Department of Environment and Energy, National University of Tainan, Tainan Taiwan, 4 , Chi Mei Optoelectronics Corporation, Tainan Taiwan
Show AbstractThis work reports on the fabrication of efficient polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) by thermally evaporating a salt-free, neutral, organic-oxide buffer layer between electroluminescence (EL) film with relatively stable Al as the hybrid organic oxide/Al composite cathode instead of using low work function metals, such as Ca or Ba. EL efficiencies of phenyl-substituted poly(para-phenylene vinylene) copolymer based PLEDs with the hybrid organic oxide/Al composite cathode reach 8.86 cd/A, significantly higher than that of 5.26 cd/A and 0.11 cd/A for devices with Ca/Al and Al cathodes, respectively. The enhanced device performance is due to the formation of specific organic oxide/Al complex at cathode interface during the deposition of Al, facilitating the injection of electrons and preventing the metal-induced quenching sites of luminescence in EL layer near the recombination region. The interfacial reaction between the cathode with EL layer was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, by varying the thickness, the functional groups of the organic buffer layer and the metal electrodes with different work functions, we have verified the multiple functions of hybrid organic oxide/Al composite cathode for the significant increase of device performance.
9:00 PM - O3.29
Phosphonate Monolayers on Hafnium Modified Gold
Michael Jespersen 1 , Christina Inman 1 , Gregory Kearns 1 , Evan Foster 1 , James Hutchison 1
1 Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
Show AbstractControl over the surface and interfacial properties of materials is essential to their integration into a wide range of applications, and a variety of surface functionalities are required to meet the needs of current and future materials modification. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are particularly attractive candidates for materials modification because they produce well-defined surfaces that may incorporate a wide range of functionalities without significantly modifying the bulk properties of the underlying material. While thiol monolayers have been extensively studied for the surface modification of coinage metals, here we report the first modification of gold substrates with an alkylphosphonate using a hafnium linker.Alkylphosphonate monolayers have been previously investigated for use in the functionalization of metal oxides as well as hafnium-modified silicon dioxide. In previous work from this lab, hafnium (IV) modified silicon dioxide has also been used to create patterned, two dimensional gold nanoparticle arrays. Here we report how hafnium oxychloride can be used to modify gold surfaces, and how the resulting film can be employed as a substrate for alkylphosphonate monolayer assembly. Forming phosphonate monolayers on a conductive metal substrate has a number of benefits. This chemistry opens up the possibility of patterning gold surfaces with rigid domains. The hafnium/phosphonate chemistry should allow the creation of well-defined boundaries between two different surface functionalities. It could be used as either an interdiffusion barrier between patterned thiol regions, or to pattern a region on a gold surface, which can be subsequently backfilled with a thiol adsorbate. The gold/hafnium/alkylphosphonate chemistry also can be used to modify metal and metal oxide surfaces concurrently, making it ideal for use in the homogeneous functionalization of interdigitated arrays for numerous electronics applications.Here we report the initial discovery and subsequent characterization of alkylphosphonate monolayer assemblies on hafnium-modified gold. We also demonstrate how hafnium patterned gold surfaces can be used in tandem with 2-mercaptoethylphosphonic acid to create a patterned surface.
9:00 PM - O3.3
CdS Thin-film Transistors Fabricated by Chemical Deposition and PDMS Shadow Mask.
Ju Won Yoon 1 , Jong Hyeon Lee 1 , Hye Jin Nam 1 , Duk Young Jung 1
1 Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan university , Suwon Korea (the Republic of)
Show AbstractWe report the fabrication and analysis of the CdS thin-film transistors. The PDMS shadow masks were fabricated by using micro molding of laser patterned metal shadow masks. The patterned channel layer of CdS were deposited by chemical solution deposition(CSD) in aqueous solution with solution-tight PDMS shadow mask on SiO2/Si(n-type) substrates. The source and drain electrodes of Au/Ti were prepared by electron-beam evaporation with other PDMS shadow mask on CdS patterns. The gate electrode is produced using indium metal. Utilization of PDMS shadow mask offers facile cleaning of surface to allow low size tolerance and edge-sharpness of patterned thin films. The scanning electron micrograph, atomic force microscope and current-voltage measurements present formation of CdS and Au/Ti patterns on the substrates and these materials demonstrate electrical characteristics for TFTs.
9:00 PM - O3.30
Hybrid (CnH2n+1NH3)2CuCl4 Self-Assembled Films as Potential UV Emitters for LED Applications
Andrea Zappettini 1 , Maura Pavesi 1 , Fabio Chiarella 2 , Francesca Licci 1 , Patrizia Ferro 1 , Tullo Besagni 1 , Roberto Mosca 1
1 , IMEM-CNR, Parma Italy, 2 Dip. di Scienze Fisiche, Univ. of Napoli, Napoli Italy
Show AbstractThe organic inorganic (CnH2n+1NH3)2MX4 perovskites (where M is a metal and X a halide) are presently attracting much attention, due to their unique electronic properties as well as to the excellent film processability. These self-assembling structures contain 2D semiconductor layers ((MX6)= octahedra) alternately stacked with organic ammonium layers. The excitons resulting from the low dimensionality of the semiconductor sheets have binding energy of several hundred meV, and are expected to strongly emit, even at room temperature.In view of exploiting such a potentiality and of finding new materials for UV-LED applications, we are performing systematic studies on the (CnH2n+1NH3)2MX4 hybrids, in form of thin films. In this communication we present our recent results on the optical characterization of (CnH2n+1NH3)2CuCl4 (1<n<4) compounds and the dependence of the physical properties on the film preparation technology.The films were obtained by either, a single source thermal ablation (SSTA) technique, and by spin-coating from alcoholic solutions. X-ray diffraction proves that in both cases the as-prepared films are single phase, well crystallized and with a dominant c-axis grain orientation.A sharp, intense photoluminescence (PL) emission at about 384 nm has been observed in ablated films, after exciting at 326 nm, at room temperature. The peak position is almost independent on the organic chain length (n), while shifts at higher wavelengths by decreasing temperature. The PL intensity significantly increases when decreasing temperature. The optical absorption of films deposited on quartz was measured at several temperatures. At room temperature three absorption peaks were observed, centered at 280, 375, and 384 nm, respectively. Spin-coated films had less resolved optical features. The ultraviolet-visible absorption is dominated by a single broad band centered at about 380 nm. Also PL spectra show a broad band centered at about 400 nm. These last results are in agreement with what reported in literature.A band structure description of these systems seems often appropriate, besides a molecular orbital spectroscopic analysis is sometimes used. We intend to investigate the degree of optical confinement of the CuCl4 complex by comparing the temperature dependent absorption and PL spectra of evaporated and spinned samples. In addition we will examine the links between these two description models. The application of hybrid perovskites for the realization of electroluminescent devices will be evaluated and discussed.
9:00 PM - O3.31
Growth of Lying Columns of Large Disklike Moleculesin Edge-on Position on a Surface.
Luc Piot 1 , Alexandr Marchenko 1 , Jishan Wu 2 , Klaus Muellen 2 , Denis Fichou 1
1 LRC Nanostructures et Semi-Conducteurs Organiques (CNRS-CEA-UPMC), SPCSI/DRECAM, CEA-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette France, 2 , Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz Germany
Show AbstractThe design of modern electronic devices requires organic materials with anisotropic mobility of charge carriers. Discotic liquid crystal molecules by stacking one on top of the other can form columns and the large overlapping of cores within the columns enables the delocalisation of π-electrons parallel to the main columnar axis. Moreover the inter-columnar space is occupied by highly disordered “liquid-like” insulating aliphatic side chains. These observations suggest the concept of columnar disc-shaped systems as charge-transport channels in devices acting as “coaxial cables”. We will describe here the self-assembly properties of a family of functionalized hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes (HBC) deposited on highly ordered pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) and Au(111) substrates. We characterised these systems in situ by mean of scanning tunnelling microscopy at the liquid-solid interface using n-tetradecane as a solvent.Functionalized HBC-molecules were found to form long range ordered monolayers on HOPG (up to 1 μm) with molecules lying flat on the surface (“face-on” orientation), while on Au(111) the size of ordered domains does not exceed 50 nm. Furthermore, on HOPG, we show the possibility to induce an “edge-on” orientation of HBC- molecules with the STM tip. The edge-on oriented molecules then self assemble into horizontal columns adsorbing as a second layer on top of the former “face-on” monolayer. This method enables us also to grow multilayers of columns with a fine control on the number of multilayers.
9:00 PM - O3.32
Nano-crystalline TiO2-Semiconducting Polymer Solar Cells
David Taylor 1 , Hmoud Al-Dmour 1
1 School of Informatics, University of Wales, Bangor United Kingdom
Show AbstractAn investigation will be reported into the photovoltaic properties of nanocrystalline TiO2/poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) heterojunction solar cells. The porous TiO2 layer was prepared from a thermally-cured sol-gel layer prepared on a tin oxide coated glass slide. The semiconducting polymer, P3HT, was spin-coated over the layer and the device completed by evaporation of a gold top electrode. Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the device have been obtained in the dark and under illumination, both in air and under vacuum, for a range of light intensities and temperatures. Under white light illumination from a 50 W halogen lamp in air at room temperature, the cell produces an open-circuit voltage, Voc, of ~ 0.55 V with a fill factor of 27%. Short circuit currents of ~ 0.1 mA/cm2 are consistent with the low intensity of the illumination. Increasing the device temperature in air resulted in a significant reduction in Voc. A reduction also occurred when the device was tested under vacuum, pointing to the role of oxygen in defining Voc: it is well known that oxygen dopes P3HT and interacts with the surface of nanocrystalline TiO2. Capacitance-voltage measurements suggest that the reduction in Voc seen under vacuum is allied to the collapse of the depletion which is supposed to exist at the TiO2-polymer interface. Scanning Kelvin Probe measurements are being undertaken to confirm this. In our latest study in which P3HT is replaced by a polyarylamine, Voc is found to be higher, ~0.8 V, and less sensitive to temperature.
9:00 PM - O3.33
The Preparation and Characterization of A Novolac Cured Epoxy-Clay Nanocomposites
Tsung-Yen* Tsai 1 , Shau-Tai Lu 1 , Chin-Jei Huang 1 , Jia-Xiang Liu 1 , Chih-Hung Li 1
1 Department of Chemistry & Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Show AbstractIntercalated or exfoliated nanocomposites were composed by the novolac cured epoxy and one of three different kinds of layered silicates, montmorillonite (PK-802), saponite (Semecton-SA) and nontronite (PK-805). The bi-functional modifiers with different ratio, which contained one of the promoters (2-phenylimidazole and 2-methylimidazole) of epoxy and benzalkonium chloride (BEN), were intercalated into the interlayer regions of pure clays and followed by a crosslinking reaction. The properties of novolac cured epoxy/clay nanocomposites were characterized by wild-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXRD), thermal analysis (TGA/DSC), coefficiency of thermal expansion (TMA), mechanical properties (DMA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). According to the measurement, these novolac cured epoxy-clay nanocomposites have shown the significant improvement in the thermal, mechanical and barrier properties
9:00 PM - O3.34
Laser Direct-Write of Hybrid Sol-Gel Films for Optical Waveguides
Rodrigo Ruizpalacios 1 , Joseph Beaman 1 , Kristin Wood 1 , Richard Crawford 1 , David Bourell 1
1 Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
Show AbstractResearch in manufacturing techniques for novel and cost effective optical components has focused on versatile new materials and low temperature processing. The laser direct-write of hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel optical films has the potential addressing these two needs for the fabrication of photonic components for rapid prototyping purposes. The combination of Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) and Direct-Write (DW) approaches to manufacturing, along with the use of high optical quality materials prepared by the sol-gel process, can result in optical components produced with maskless techniques and the potential of being used as real products.The fundamental approach in this research consisted in four steps. Initially the sol is synthesized under controlled atmospheric conditions. This is followed by the deposition of the sol-gel thin films by spin coating. After deposition the film is thermally and in some cases chemically treated. The final step involved the use of a laser source for photophysical processing of the film, translating the sample through an XY stage. This research provides results of the preparation procedures of hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel materials, with the goal of developing a repeatable and reliable process of high optical quality films. The main experimental aspects explored were the synthesis, deposition, thermal and laser processing of the sol-gel materials. It also presents experimental results that demonstrate light propagation through a straight ridge waveguide made by the proposed process.The results of this research set the groundwork for the development of a fully automated directwrite SFF machine with the capability of depositing high optical quality solgel films, thermally treating the films, and laser direct-write the structures on inorganic or hybrid organic/inorganic glassy matrices. Applications for large area patterning and multi-layer films are envisioned.
9:00 PM - O3.4
Towards Nanowire-Based Thermocouple Arrays.
Megan Bourg 1 , Reginald Penner 1
1 Chemistry, University of CA Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
Show AbstractA thermocouple consists of a junction between any two dissimilar metals. The ability for a thermocouple to act as a temperature sensor is based upon the Seebeck effect, which is the conversion of temperature differences into electromotive force. Over 50% of all industrial temperature measurements are made using thermocouples, and this is a highly mature technology, the miniaturization of thermocouples has not yet reached the nanometer-scale. The objective of miniaturization is three-fold: First, to increase the utility of thermocouples for the measurement of temperatures in small volumes, second, to decrease the response time for thermocouples, and finally to investigate the effect on temperature sensitivity of miniaturization into the nanometer-scale regime.We have prepared two types of thermocouples based on metal nanowires: Nanowire-Thin Film junctions, consisting of a junction between a metal nanowire and a metal film, and nanowire-nanowire junctions, consisting of a junction between two nanowires. The nanowires were fabricated on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) utilizing the Electrochemical Step Edge Decoration method1 (ESED). Once the nanowires were transferred to an insulator the film was evaporated to form the junction and appropriate extension wires were attached to turn the device into a working thermocouple. Thermal measurements were perfomed and revealed that these devices have a slight enhancement (increased sensitivity) in the Seebeck coefficient. These devices measure temperature accurately and reproducibly, and have a response time faster than 7ms.Nanowire-Nanowire junctions have also been fabricated utilizing a modified version of the ESED method2 in order to try to improve upon the enhancements shown by the Nanowire-Thin Film thermocouples. The characterization of these thermocouple arrays by SEM, EDS, and thermal measurements will be discussed in this presentation. (1)E.C. Walter, B.J. Murray, F. Favier, G. Kaltenpoth, M. Grunze, R.M. Penner*, Noble and Coinage Metal Nanowires by Electrochemical Step Edge Decoration, J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 11407. (2)E.C. Walter, B.J. Murray, F. Favier, R.M. Penner*, Beaded Bimetallic Nanowires: Wiring Nanoparticles of Metal 1 Using Nanowires of Metal 2**, Adv. Mat. 15 (2003) 396.
9:00 PM - O3.5
Investigation of the Effect of Refractive Index Modifier Species on the Thermal and Optical Properties of an Organic/inorganic Hybrid Material for Waveguiding Applications.
Shane O'Brien 1 , Mehmet Copuroglu 1 , Gabriel Crean 1 2
1 MMP Group, Tyndall Institute, Cork Ireland, 2 Dept. of Microelectronic Engineering, NUI- University College Cork, Cork Ireland
Show Abstract9:00 PM - O3.6
Blended TiO2:CuPc Solar Cells Deposited Using SuSMBE
Alex Mayer 1 , Nicola Coppede' 2 , Tulio Toccoli 2 , Fabrizio Siviero 2 , Marco Nardi 2 , Salvatore Iannotta 2
1 Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States, 2 , IFN-CNR, Trento Italy
Show AbstractPhotovoltaic cells comprised of a bulk heterojunction of titanium dioxide and copper phthalocyanine sandwiched between ITO-coated glass and aluminum have been fabricated from the vapor phase in-situ. The ability to create this blend requires in-situ creation of 5 nm TiO2 particles that can be co-deposited with the CuPc. The nanoparticles are realized through the use of a pulsed microplasma cluster source (PMCS) while the CuPc portion of the film is deposited using super sonic molecular beam epitaxy (SuSMBE). Preliminary results are presented.
9:00 PM - O3.7
A WORM Memory Device Based on PVK Containing Gold Nano-Particles
Yan Song 1 , Q.D Ling 2 , E.Y.H Teo 1 , Y.P Tan 1 , S.L Lim 2 , Chunxiang Zhu 1 , D.S.H Chan 1 , E.T Kang 2 , D.-L Kwong 3
1 Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore, 2 Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore, 3 , Institute of Microelectronics, Singapore Singapore
Show AbstractOrganic materials have been aggressively explored for semiconductor device applications. Very recently, organic memories have received a great attention due to their simple structure, good scalability, CMOS compatibility, and most importantly, low cost. Several kinds of organic molecular materials were found to exhibit memory effects. Polymer memory devices are potentially far less expensive to make than those based on organic molecular materials. In this paper, we report memory characteristics of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (or PVK) containing gold nano-particle (or GNP). The device uses a MIM (metal-insulator-metal) structure on SiO2 capped silicon substrate, with TaN as the bottom electrode, PVK containging GNP as the active layer and Al as the top electrode. The toluene solution of PVK-GNP was spin-coated on the TaN, followed by solvent removal in a vacuum chamber. Finally, Al was thermally evaporated to the polymer film. The memory effect of PVK was observed in the I-V characteristics of the sandwich device. For the as-fabricated device, the device is in its OFF state. A transition from the OFF state (low conductivity) to ON state (high conductivity) occurs at a threshold bias. After the device reached the high conductivity state, it cannot be reversed to the low conductivity state by applying a reverse bias. The memory effect of the device may be due to the containing GNP as trapping centers. A simple model is given to explain the memory effect. The device shows a high ON/OFF current ratio of about 1E5. The effect of continuous read pulse on the ON- and OFF-states was evaluated and no resistance degradation is observed for both ON- and OFF-state after 1E6 read cycles. The stability of both states under ambient conditions with a constant stress was also characterized and the device showed a quite few degradation after 10 hours test. Thus, the device shows a high potential as a low power and high density Writer-Once-Read-Many Times (or WORM) memory device
9:00 PM - O3.8
Evidence of Gap State Formed by Heat Treatment in C60/Cu Interface Studied by Ultraviolet and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.
Sang Wan Cho 1 , Jung Hwa Seo 1 , Kwanghee Cho 1 , Kyul Han 1 , Chung Yi Kim 1 , Kwangho Jeong 1 , Chung-Nam Whang 1
1 Institute of Physics and Applied Physics, Yonsei University , Seoul Korea (the Republic of)
Show Abstract9:00 PM - O3.9
Blends of Organic Dye Molecules and II-VI Semiconductor Matrices
Eric Mankel 1 , Yvonne Gassenbauer 1 , Thomas Mayer 1 , Wolfram Jaegermann 1
1 Surface and Solar Energy Research, University of Technology Darmstadt, Darmstadt Germany
Show AbstractWe report on the growth of hybrid organic dye / inorganic semiconductor film blends in the context of sensitization of wide gap semiconductors to multi-band photo-absorption for photovoltaic applications. Organic dyes offer a broad variety in tailoring the energetic position of electronic states versus the inorganic semiconductor bands for optimizing charge transfer processes. Substituted zinc phthalocyanines with different numbers of F atoms have been incorporated into ZnSe and ZnTe. Composites of varied dye fractions have been grown by codeposition from separate effusion cells onto SnO2 coated glass substrates at room temperature. Only minor changes are observed in the dye RAMAN spectra when incorporated into inorganic semiconductor matrices, indicating the stability of the organic molecules versus the growth process. The composites show optical absorbance features clearly related to the dye guest and the host matrix. In situ analysis of the electronic state line up using UPS and XPS shows a dependence of the HOMO line up on the number of F substitute atoms and dye concentration. Luminescence spectra show additional features beyond linear superposition.
Symposium Organizers
Vladimir Bulovic Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Seth Coe-Sullivan QD Vision, Inc.
Peter Peumans Stanford University
O4: Hybrid Materials for Light Emission and Memory
Session Chairs
Wednesday AM, April 19, 2006
Room 3005 (Moscone West)
9:15 AM - **O4.1
All-Inorganic, “Hybrid” Approaches to Nanocrystal-Based Light-Emitting Devices.
Victor Klimov 1
1 Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States
Show AbstractA significant challenge for realizing applications of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) in optolelectronic devices is associated with difficulties in achieving injection or extraction of charge carriers. Recently, we explored two novel, all-inorganic approaches for the “nonoptical” injection of charges into nanocrystals using either nonradiative energy transfer (ET) from an epitaxial quantum well [1] or direct electrical injection from p- and n-layers of wide-gap semiconductors [2]. In the ET approach, we combine nanocrystal mono- and multi-layers with traditional epitaxial quantum wells. In these hybrid structures, the rate of nonradiative exciton transfer exceeds that of carrier recombination in the quantum well, which results in high (greater than 50%) transfer efficiencies. In a p-i-n device, nanocrystals are incorporated as an i-layer in the GaN p-n junction using novel, room-temperature, epitaxial technique that employs a beam of neutral energetic atoms. The latter approach demonstrates >1% injection efficiencies. Both types of hybrid nanocrystal/epitaxial structures show stable, multi-hour operation under ambient conditions and long shelf lifetimes. The analysis of injection/recombination mechanisms in these devices indicates the feasibility of a significant increase in the efficiency for both ET and direct-injection structures.1. M. Achermann, M. A. Petruska, S. Kos, D. Smith, D. D. Koleske, and V. I. Klimov, "Energy-transfer pumping of semiconductor nanocrystals via nonradiative energy transfer using a quantum well," Nature 429, 642 (2004).2. A. H. Mueller, M. A. Petruska, M. Achermann, D. J. Werder, E. A. Akhadov, D. D. Koleske, M. A. Hoffbauer, and V. I. Klimov, “Multicolor light-emitting diodes based on semiconductor nanocrystals encapsulated in GaN charge injection layers,” Nano Letters 5, 1039 (2005).
9:45 AM - O4.2
Hybrid Nanocomposite Materials for Electrochromic Device Applications.
Manoj Namboothiry 1 , Tyler Zimmerman 1 , Jiwen Liu 1 , Faith Coldren 1 , David Carroll 1
1 Physics, The Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials , Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States
Show AbstractElectrochromic thiophene host polymers, were blended with a variety of metal nanoparticles and used in making flexible electrochromic devices. Using atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we have been able to determine the meso-phase structure induced by blending, as a function of loading and size of the nano-material. Meso-phase formation as well as the local nano-scale morphology, has been studied for a variety of nanoparticle compositions including: Ag, Au, Cu, etc, and and correlated to the dielectric shift of the host, ionic conductivities, and overall spectral response of the device. We further demonstrate surprising control over the electrochromic contrast and color without significantly affecting device lifetimes or performance. Through this work, we show that metal nano-particle - polymer blends might represent a powerful tool in broadening the applicability of electrochromic device technologies
10:00 AM - **O4.3
Saturated Color RGB Quantum Dot/Organic Hybrid Light Emitting Devices for Display Applications
Jonathan Steckel 1 , Seth Coe-Sullivan 1 , Vladimir Bulovic 2 1
1 , QD Vision, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, United States, 2 Dept of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractOrganic light emitting diodes have undergone rapid advancement over the course of the past decade. Similarly, quantum dot synthesis has progressed to the point that room temperature highly efficient photoluminescence can be realized. We have shown that it is possible to utilize the beneficial properties of these two material sets in a robust light emitting device. Efficient, reliable manufacturing techniques that are compatible with known device fabrication methods are necessary to make QD organic hybrids a commercial reality. We have learned that the creation of efficient and saturated color quantum dot light emitting devices (QD-LEDs) is dependent on the development of robust manufacturing methods for the QD layer. We demonstrate pixilated, saturated color QD-LEDs with good external quantum efficiencies in the red, green, and blue, making QD-LEDs a viable alternative display technology, which is being commercialized by QD Vision, Inc.
10:30 AM - O4.4
Nanoscale Probing of Optical Properties of Materials by Decay Rate Coupling in Electrically Pumped Organic Heterostructures
Kwang Hyup An 1 , Yiying Zhao 2 , Kevin Pipe 1 , Max Shtein 2
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
Show AbstractIn OLEDs, the decay rate of a molecular exciton near a metal-organic interface is affected strongly by optical feedback through microcavity effects, as well as resonant energy transfer to surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in the electrodes. Using a classical electromagnetic model which takes into account these effects, a change is predicted in the total decay rate of excitons within a typical OLED heterostructure when the permittivity of the layers external to the electrodes is varied. Electrical measurements on vacuum-deposited OLEDs with organic caps show a systematic variation of the device steady-state current in forward bias with varying cathode thickness and organic coverage, independent of device degradation kinetics. The change in current is consistent with predicted change in the exciton decay rate, suggesting that there may be a feedback mechanism in which the steady-state exciton density in an OLED measurably alters the density of transport states. Based on these results, a high resolution probe mechanism is considered, wherein current change in a small OLED can be used to sense the distance from the cathode to a sample, as well as surface and subsurface variations in the dielectric constant of the sample.
11:15 AM - **O4.5
Polymer-nanoparticle Blends for Memory Applications.
Luisa Bozano 1 , Sally Swanson 1 , Gary McClelland 1 , Richard DiPietro 1 , Kerem Unal 1 , Delia Milliron 1 , Jane Frommer 1 , J. Scott 1 , Scott Sills 2 1 , Katsuhiko Fujita 3 1
1 Almaden Research Center, IBM, San Jose, California, United States, 2 CPIMA, Stanford, Palo Alto, California, United States, 3 , Kyushu University, Kyushu Japan
Show Abstract11:45 AM - O4.6
Impedance Spectra and Equivalent-Circuit Analysis of Polymer-Nanoparticle Organic Memory Devices
Daniel Simon 1 , Michael Griffo 1 , Sue Carter 1
1 Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States
Show AbstractConducting polymers have received recent attention as a candidate for organic-based memory devices. The ease of processing, resiliency to defects, and commercial availability of these materials indeed make them ideal for the next-generation of memory hardware. We report here on polymer/nanoparticle based memory devices fabricated using standard spin-casting and metal-evaporation techniques. The devices consist of triphenyl-phosphine protected gold nanoparticles (∼10 nm diameter) embedded in the cross-linkable polymer poly[(4-N-hexyltriphenyl)amine] (xHTPA), sandwiched between electron-, or hole-, transport layers (e.g. PEDOT-PSS), and a variety of evaporated metal electrodes. The memory effect is observed using read, write, and erase voltages of single polarity, with typical on-off ratios of 2–4 orders of magnitude at a read-voltage of 1 V. The threshold (write) voltage and erase voltage are 2.5–4 V and 5.5–6.5 V, respectively. Impedance spectra is obtained by monitoring the phase shift of the current using a lock-in amplifier, and a transition into and out of a parallel resistor/capacitor equivalent circuit is observed which is related to the on/off memory state of the device. We discuss the relevancy of such equivalent circuit models in the analysis of polymer/nanoparticle memory elements and their relationship to the dielectric properties of isolated nanoparticles.
12:00 PM - O4.7
Polymer/Nanoparticles Memory Devices with Asymmetrical Electronic Switching Behavior.
Jianyong Ouyang 1 , Yang Yang 1
1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States
Show AbstractElectrical bistable behavior has been observed on polymer film containing gold nanoparticles and small organic conjugated compounds. [1, 2] This device can be used as a nonvolatile memory device. This device exhibited symmetrical switching behavior, that is, the device can be switched from the low to high conductance state at either polarities.Recently, we demonstrated a novel polymer/nanoparticles memory device which exhibited asymmetrical switching behavior. Switching from the low to high conductance state was observed only at one polarity, while switching from the high to low conductance state was observed only at another polarity. This behavior indicates that this device can be used as a nonvolatile memory device and have unique advantages, such as to avoid the connection to a rectified diode in the practical application. The effect of materials and electrode/polymer film interface will be presented. The switching mechanism will be presented as well.References:[1] J. Ouyang, C.-W. Chu, C. Szmanda, L. Ma, and Y. Yang, Nat. Mater. 3, 918 (2004).[2] J. Ouyang, C.-W. Chu, R. J.-H. Tseng, A. Prakash, and Y. Yang, Proc. of IEEE, 93, 1287 (2005).
12:15 PM - **O4.8
Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Semiconductor Write Once Read Many Times Memory Elements
Stephen Forrest 1
1 Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
Show AbstractWe discuss a non-volatile, write-once-read-many-times (WORM) memory element employing a thin film silicon p/n junction diode on a flexible substrate integrated in series with a conductive polymer fuse[1]. The nonlinearity of the silicon diode enables a large scale passive matrix memory configuration, while the conductive polyethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDT:PSS) polymer acts as a switch with fuse-like behavior for data storage. The polymer can be switched within a few hundred nanoseconds, resulting in a permanent increase of resistivity of the memory pixel up to a factor of 100,000. The switching performance is reliable in its operation, and the fuses do not degrade after many thousand read cycles in ambient at room temperature. More recently, we have found that similar memory effects can be observed using the polymer directly layered onto a bare Si or GaAs substrate, considerably simplifying device design[2]. We investigate the energetics and chemistry of this apparently general effect[3], and find that rectification at the organic/inorganic heterojunction is understood in terms of previous work on small molecular weight organic/inorganic semiconductor junctions. Given these results, very high performance, low cost, lightweight archival hybrid inorganic/organic WORM memories for video image and other archival storage applications are feasible.[1]S. Möller, C. Perlov, W. Jackson, C. Taussig, and S. R. Forrest, "Dramatic Conductivity Switching in an Electrochromic Polymer Used in a Write Once Read Many Times (WORM) Organic/Inorganic Memory Element," Nature, vol. 426, pp. 166, 2003.[2]S. E. Smith and S. R. Forrest, "A Low Switching Voltage Organic-on-Inorganic Heterojunction Memory Element Utilizing a Conductive Polymer Fuse on a Doped Silicon Substrate," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. in press, 2004.[3]Q. D. Ling, Y. Song, S. J. Ding, C. X. Zhu, D. S. H. Chan, D. L. Kwong, and E. T. Kang, "Non-volatile polymer memory device based on a novel copolymer of N-vinylcarbazole and Eu-complexed vinylbenzoate," Adv. Mater., vol. 17, pp. 455, 2005.
12:45 PM - O4.9
Conductance Requirements for Arrays of Organic Programmable-Resistance Memory Devices
Troy Graves-Abe 1 2 , Tse-Jen Ku 1 , J. Sturm 1 2
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States, 2 Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Show AbstractRecent work on two-terminal organic programmable-resistance devices has attracted interest because of their potential for use in high-performance, low-cost memory arrays [1]. For example, these devices are compatible with very simple and high-density “cross-point” arrays where the organic layer is sandwiched between two perpendicular sets of metal column and row lines (so that a device is defined at each column/row intersection) [2]. In this work, we study integration of memory elements into both cross-point arrays (corresponding to a passive-matrix architecture) and more traditional active-matrix arrays (in which a transistor is used to access each device). We determine the device characteristics that are needed for application in high-speed memory arrays of different sizes. A key result is that for a reasonably competitive technology (1 Gb memory, 50 x 50 nm2 device area, and 100 ns access time), devices must have a very large conductance/area of >104 S/cm2 to minimize resistance-capacitance (RC) delays during read operations.To read the state (resistance) of a memory element, a voltage must be applied to the device and the current (ie, the voltage across the impedance of a sense amplifier in series with the device) measured. In an array, the row and column lines used to access individual devices have finite capacitance due to nearby metal lines. The duration of the read operation is determined by the time needed to charge this capacitance through the device resistance. To determine the read time, we have performed circuit simulations for a variety of array sizes (in bits), device areas, and device conductance/area. Because the line capacitance/length stays constant (or increases) for decreasing device area while device resistance increases (for constant conductance/area), RC delays increase dramatically in highly-scaled memory arrays with large numbers of bits (which require long row and column lines). To minimize these times, a large conductance is required. For example, a device with a conductance of ~1 S/cm2 in the low-resistance state (which is traditional for an organic programmable-resistance device) would be limited to relatively large device sizes of 250 x 250 nm2 in a very small array (103 bits). The relatively low conductance of most organic devices may thus limit their compatibility with dense and high-speed memory arrays, although recently organic devices with conductance of up to 106 S/cm2 have been reported [3].In summary, we have performed circuit simulations of organic programmable-resistance memory devices integrated into passive- and active-matrix arrays. We have found that for application in high-speed (100 ns access time) and high-density (1 Gb, 50 x 50 nm2 device area) memories, devices with very large conductance > 104 S/cm2 are desirable.[1] Y. Yang et al, MRS Bull. 29, 833 (2004).[2] J. C. Scott, Science 304, 62 (2004).[3] T. Graves-Abe and J. C. Sturm, App. Phys. Lett. 87, 133502 (2005).
O5: Hybrid Materials for Transistor Applications
Session Chairs
Wednesday PM, April 19, 2006
Room 3005 (Moscone West)
2:30 PM - O5.1
Low Voltage Pentacene Thin Film Transistors Using an Organic Monolayer as Gate Insulator.
Kang Dae Kim 1 , Chung Kun Song 1
1 Electronics Eng., Dong-A University, Busan Korea (the Republic of)
Show Abstract The organic thin film transistors(OTFT) were sufficiently developed to be applied to flexible display and organic RFID. However, the operation voltage is still too large for the portable applications. Although the high k materials have been adopted for the gate, the inorganic materials may not be appropriate for the flexible applications.In this work we employed the organic monolayer of molecules with the properties of high insulation and low surface energy for pentacene thin film growth as the gate dielectric. The molecule of (Benzyloxy)alkyltrichlorosilane was self-assembled on Si and Al gate electrode and (Benzylthio)alkanethiol on Au gate electrode. Pentacene was used for the active layer and Au for source and drain electrode.All of the OTFTs operated at the voltages less than 2 V for VGS as well as VDS. The OTFTs using Si gate electrode produced the mobility of 0.2 cm^2/V.sec and the on/off current ratio of 10^2 to 10^4 depending on the chain length. In the case of the OTFTs with Au and Al gate electrode the mobility was 0.056 cm^2/V.sec and the on/off current ratio 10^2 smaller than Si gate OTFTs. The reason of the inferior performance is estimated that the self-assembly (SA) is well processed on Si rather than on Al and Au electrode because the natural oxide of Si provide the more uniform platform for SA than Al2O3and Au. However, in order to implement integrated circuits based on the low voltages OTFTs the SA process for Al and Au gate should be well developed because the gate electrode must be patterned.
2:45 PM - O5.2
Pentacene Thin Film Transistors Prepared by Micro Contact Printing and Selective Surface Wetting.
Amare Benor 1 , Veit Wagner 1 , Dietmar Knipp 1
1 , International University Bremen, Bremen Germany
Show AbstractMicro Contact Printing (μCP) of self-assembled monolayer (SAMs) in combination with selective surface wetting was used to realize radio frequency micro coils and pentacene thin film transistors for radio frequency information tags (RFID tags). The combination of micro contact printing and selective wetting/dewetting provides an universal route to pattern a variety of different materials including polymers and metal films. In our study we used the self-assembled monolayers (Octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), CH3(CH2)17SiCl3, which was printed on cleaned silicon or glass substrate. The printed monolayer leads to the formation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, which facilitates the selective deposition of polymers or resists like Poly (methyl methacrylate), PMMA, on the hydrophilic regions. Following the selective deposition of a resist, a lift-off process was used to pattern gold or titanium metal films. This technique was applied to realize radio frequency (RF) coils and electrodes for pentacene thin film transistors. The techniques allows for patterning of electrodes down to 2μm. However, the patterning process depends on several parameters like the geometry of the structures, the chemistry of the heterogeneous substrate, the selective wetting process itself and the resist. Therefore, the influence of the printing parameters on the patterned structures was investigated. Furthermore, the printing process was studied in terms of fundamental printing limits. A simple model describing the limiting factors will be presented. Finally, the pentacene transistors will be compared with transistors prepared by optical lithography.
3:00 PM - **O5.3
Synthesis and Use of Soluble Pentacene Precursors in Organic Thin Film Transistors.
Cherie Kagan 1 , Ali Afzali 1
1 Molecular Assembly & Devices, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, New York, United States
Show AbstractAmong organic semiconductors, pentacene has emerged as the most promising material for use in electronic devices such as field effect transistors. In orde to exploit the advantages of organic materials, fabrication of integrated circuits must entail solution-based process. In this talk a simple, one-step synthesis of variety of soluble pentacene precursors are described and relationship between physical properties and structure of precursors presented. Solution processed fabrication of OFET using pentacene precursors and environmental stability of pentacene devices are also described in detail.
3:30 PM - O5.4
Degradation of Pentacene Thin Film Transistors Under Current Stress.
Tae Ho Kim 1 , Chung Kun Song 1 , Jin-Seong Park 2 , Min Chul Suh 2
1 Electronics Eng., Dong-A University, Busan Korea (the Republic of), 2 , Samsung SDI, Yongin Korea (the Republic of)
Show AbstractRecently, the technology of organic thin film transistors(OTFT) became mature enough for the flexible applications such as flexible display and organic RFID. However, the stability of OTFTs is not sufficiently addressed yet.In this study the various materials such as SiO2, SiO2/OTS, PVP, PVP/OTS, and Al2O3 were adopted for the gate of pentacene TFTs in order to investigate the origin of performance degradations such as threshold voltage shift, the decrease of mobility, and increase of off-state current and sub-threshold voltage under the various current stress conditions and environment. The stress effects were quite sensitive depending on the materials of gates and the surface conditions of gates. The OTFTs with SiO2 and SiO2/OTS exhibited the negative shift of threshold voltage meanwhile PVP and PVP/OTS gates the positive shift with stress time. And also the shifts were partially recovered after a few days in vacuum. The facts indicated that the origin of threshold voltage shift was the ionic charges in the gate, which were migrated to the gate surface near channel when stressed by the applied gate voltage. And the OTFTs stressed in vacuum were much more stable comparing with them in air. Therefore the charges in the gates as the origin of the shift were estimated to be the hydroxyl radicals induced from the air.In addition the OTFTs stressed by a high current level such as 20uA the mobility was also degraded. We estimated that the causes of degradation might be the gap states in pentacene or the modification of electric field on traps at grain boundaries by trapping of hydroxyl radicals.We are going to address the stability of pentacene TFTs under the various stress conditions and environments, and then the possible mechanism of degradation will be presented.
3:45 PM - O5.5
Combining Silicon and Organic/Polymer Semiconductors in a New Class of Sensor Devices
Deepak Sharma 1 , Daniel Fine 1 , Ananth Dodabalapur 1
1 Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
Show AbstractThere is currently a great need to develop new and improved solid-state device based chemical sensors. We report the characteristics of a new sensor device that combines the functional properties of silicon field-effect devices with unique properties of organic semiconductors. The novel four-terminal field effect device has two channels: one formed in an organic semiconductor (p) and the second in silicon (n). Both the channels are coupled so that one channel gates the other. The organic channel is exposed to air and interacts with the chemical vapor present in the ambient. The device can operate as a traditional CHEMFET as well as an organic TFT based sensor. Another sensing mode, which is most sensitive, is designated as the chemical memory mode. In this unique mode of operation, the device operates in a manner akin to a non-volatile memory in which the write function is provided by the chemical analyte. The erase is done electrically by reverse biasing the device. In the chemical memory sensor mode, the n-channel is biased on while keeping the p-channel off and the n-channel current is measured with time. Subsequently, both the channels are biased on and conducting and analyte is delivered to the exposed pentacene layer. Following this, the n-channel current is measured again at the biasing condition prior to analyte delivery. The current increases by as much as a factor of 65. This indicates a decrease in the threshold voltage (VT) due to the hole trapping in the organic channel after the interaction with analyte. From the VG Vs IDS curve, this 65X improvement corresponds to a 3V decrease in VT. Thus, trapped charge density, that is the amount of charge imparted to the device during the write cycle of the memory, can be estimated as (change in VT)*Cox/q which, for the oxide thickness of 40nm, is equal to 1.6x1012 cm-2. In our sensor we are essentially using trapped charges as the “non-volatile” gate charge. The charge retention requirements of the sensor are much less than that of a normal non-volatile memory. The reset mechanism is very similar as well – electrical reverse bias based resetting. The chief difference with established silicon CHEMFET technology is that CHEMFETs use channel charge modulation by dipoles (which have a net charge of zero) whereas in our device we use trapped positive charges which will obviously produce a much greater conductivity and capacitance modulation. This results in a performance improvement of a factor of 10-100 in comparison with existing technology (CHEMFETs). In order to increase the selectivity and sensitivity of the device, receptors having affinity to particular analytes can be deposited with the organic semiconductor. We also report on the sensitivity of this device and detection levels of 50 PPB (part-per-billion) have been obtained for some analytes.
4:30 PM - O5.6
Solution-processed High-performance Zinc Oxide Field-effect Transistors Based on Self-assembly of Colloidal Nanorods.
Baoquan Sun 1 , Henning Sirringhaus 1
1 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge United Kingdom
Show AbstractColloidal zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystals are an attractive candidate for a low-temperature and solution-processible semiconductor for high-performance thin-film field effect transistors (TFTs). To obtain reproducible TFTs performance the formation of high-quality films by techniques such as spin-coating is very important. We have found that high-quality nanocrystal films can be obtained from high concentration solutions, which can be achieved by choosing the proper ligand on the ZnO surface. The shape of ZnO can be tuned from nanosphere to nanorods by increasing the reaction time. Here we show that by controlling the shape of the nanocrystals from spheres to rods the device performance can be much improved as a result of increasing particle size, and self-alignment of the nanorods along the substrate. In the as-spun films the interactions between the colloidal nanorods during solution growth lead to the formation of small liquid-crystalline domains with a size on the order of 100 nm in which the nanorods are oriented parallel to each other. And the nanorods are preferentially oriented with their long-axis in the substrate plane. We believe that this oriented in-plane self-assembly of the colloidal nanorods is an important factor contributing to the enhanced mobility of the as-deposited nanorod films compared to nanosphere films. Post-deposition hydrothermal growth in an aqueous zinc ion solution has been found to further enhance grain size and connectivity, and improve device performance. During post-deposition hydrothermal growth, the nanorods grow further along their c-axis forming longer rods. And an increase in the diameter of the nanorods was observed, which appears to be mainly occurring due to fusing of several nanorods. TFT devices made from 65 nm long and 10 nm wide nanorods deposited by spin coating have been fabricated at moderate temperatures 230 oC with mobilities of 0.61 cm2V-1s-1 and on/off ratios of 3×105, which is comparable to the characteristics of a TFT fabricated by traditional sputtering methods
4:45 PM - O5.7
Inorganic Oxide Core Polymer Shell Nanoparticle Films for Use as High K Gate Dielectric in Thin Film Field Effect Transistor Applications.
Ashok Maliakal 1 , Howard Katz 1 2 , Pat Cotts 3 , Shehkar Subramoney 3 , Peter Mirau 4
1 Department of Materials Research, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill , New Jersey, United States, 2 Department of Material Science and Engineering, John Hopkins University, Baltimore , Maryland, United States, 3 , Dupont, Wilmington , Delaware, United States, 4 , Air Force Research Labs, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio, United States
Show AbstractOrganic/inorganic core shell nanoparticles have been synthesized using both high K TiO2 and BaTiO3 as the core nanoparticle, and polystyrene as the shell. These materials are easy to process and forms transparent continuous thin films, which exhibit dielectric constant enhancements of over three times that of bulk polystyrene. These new dielectric materials has been incorporated into capacitors and thin film transistors (TFTs). Mobilities approaching 0.2 cm2/Vs have been measured for pentacene TFTs incorporating the new TiO2 polystyrene nanostructured gate dielectric, indicating good surface properties for pentacene film growth. This novel strategy for generating high K flexible gate dielectrics would be expected to be of value in improving organic and flexible electronic device performance.
5:00 PM - O5.8
Improvement of Electrical Characteristics of Pt Schottky Contacts to n-type ZnO using KrF Excimer Laser Tempering.
Min-suk Oh 1 , Dae-kue Hwang 1 , Jae-Hong Leem 1 , Seong-ju Park 1
1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju Korea (the Republic of)
Show Abstract5:15 PM - O5.9
Fabrication of Printable SiO2 Insulator Thin Film and (Metal / Printed SiO2 / Organic Semiconductor) Thin Film Transistor
Takehito Kodzasa 1 , Manabu Yoshida 1 , Sei Uemura 1 , Satoshi Hoshino 1 , Toshihide Kamata 1
1 Photonic Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Show AbstractOrganic thin film transistors (OTFTs) are very promising for the development of printing electronics technology, which bring us the future low-cost ubiquitous society. In order to take such advantage of OTFTs devices, many researches into the use of the gate insulator prepared by printing process have been performed by using polymeric dielectric materials. However, it is supposed that most polymeric materials are not applicable to the gate insulator of TFT devices because of their poor dielectric strength and instability. Now we succeeded to fabricate superior silicon dioxide (SiO2) insulator thin film from the silazane compound by the low temperature (below 150C) printing process. The important key technique is an irradiation of ultraviolet light. The radius of mean-square values of the SiO2 thin film is estimated at 0.15 nm by the atomic force microscopy measurement, indicating that this printed SiO2 insulator thin film has an extremely smooth surface. The current-voltage measurement of the obtained SiO2 thin film showed a high resistivity in the order of 10 to 13 ohm*cm with well flat characteristic curve until about 7MV/cm of electric field. OTFT device with the printed SiO2 thin film were fabricated using pentacene or poly (3-hexyl thiophene) thin film as organic semiconductor layer. The field effect mobility of the OTFT with pentacene thin film as the organic semiconductor layer was estimated to 0.36 cm2/Vs. The field effect mobility of pentacene OFET using thermally oxidized SiO2 as a gate dielectric was estimated to 0.30 cm2/Vs from the similar measurement. These results demonstrated that the printed SiO2 thin film prepared by this technique excellently useful for the gate insulator of printable OTFTs devices.
5:30 PM - O5.10
Nanocrystalline Barium Strontium Titanate (Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3) for Ultra Thin Dielectrics
Samar Kalita 1 , Vikas Somani 1
1 MMAE, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States
Show AbstractNanograin Barium Titanate based ceramics are of interest for applications in ultra thin dielectric layers. In this work, we have successfully synthesized nanocrystalline Barium Strontium Titanate (Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 powder in the range of 15 – 20 nm using a simple sol-gel processing route. Barium acetate, strontium acetate and titanium isopropoxide were used as precursors. The BST gel obtained was dried at 200 oC to form powder and subsequently calcined in the temperature range of 400 oC to 700 oC for crystallization. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) was used to study phase evolution and particle size of the powder. XRD patterns showed increase in peak intensity with increase in calcination temperature. pH of the solution played a major role obtaining pure single phase Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 powder. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) results showed that Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 powder calcined at 700oC had particle size in the range 15-20 nm. Uniaxially pressed powder pellets were used for densification study in the temperature range 950oC to 1150oC. Sintering at 1000oC resulted in highest density. The density at 1000oC increased with the increase in sintering time and reached a maximum at 6 h. XRD patterns showed presence of Ba4Ti13O30 and Sr2Ti5O30 phases with increase in sintering temperature. Electrical properties of nanostructured BST were also studied. This presentation will discuss our work on synthesis, processing and characterization of nanocrystalline Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 ceramics.
Symposium Organizers
Vladimir Bulovic Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Seth Coe-Sullivan QD Vision, Inc.
Peter Peumans Stanford University
O6: Photonic Applications of Hybrid Materials
Session Chairs
Thursday AM, April 20, 2006
Room 3005 (Moscone West)
9:30 AM - O6.1
Effect of Silica-nanoparticle Dispersion on Holographic Recording in Methacrylate-based Photopolymer Films.
Hiroshi Takahashi 1 , Takahiro Naitoh 1 , Yasuo Tomita 1
1 , University of Electro-Communications, Chofu Japan
Show AbstractBecause photopolymer materials have many advantages such as flexibility for arbitrary shaping and lower cost, various applications have been demonstrated by utilizing the refractive index modulation in photopolymer materials. These include holographic memories, narrowband waveguide filters, 3D displays and so on. Recently, we have reported the use of inorganic nanoparticles as dopants in methacrylate monomers capable of radical polymerization for permanent holographic storage with high diffraction efficiency and recording sensitivity. We have also investigated an application of such nanoparticle-dispersed photopolymers to dye-doped solid-state distributed feedback (DFB) lasers. To make such lasers practical, a proper solid-state host material that reduces the photodegradation of doped dye molecules and improves lasing parameters must be chosen carefully. This is because the lasing properties of dye molecules strongly depend on a host material. For this purpose, we have studied two types of methacrylate-based photopolymer films that include Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or benzyl n-butyl phthalate (BBP). It is found that relatively high concentrations of silica nanoparticles can be uniformly dispersed in photopolymer films to increase the refractive index modulation. Here, we report on the diffraction properties of methacrylate-based photopolymer films to show that the recording dynamics are strongly dependent on the volume fraction of silica nanoparticles. We achieved the refractive index modulation as high as 0.005 under the optimum volume concentrations of either PMMA or BBP and silica nanoparticles. This value is higher than that can be formed in typical fiber Bragg gratings and is enough for DFB lasers that require a shorter and stronger Bragg grating. Potential applications of our methacrylate-based photopolymers doped with nanoparticles are not only limited to photonic devices such as organic DFB lasers but may be extended to optoelectronic devices such as electroluminescence devices, since various materials including either dye-doped silica nanoparticles or organic luminescent materials may easily be incorporated into photopolymer films by the same method.
9:45 AM - O6.2
Ultralow Threshold Nanocrystal Quantum Dot Lasers.
Bumki Min 1 , Sungjee Kim 1 , Koichi Okamoto 2 , Lan Yang 1 , Axel Scherer 2 1 , Harry Atwater 1 , Kerry Vahala 1
1 Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States, 2 Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States
Show AbstractWe have fabricated ultralow-threshold, toroidal microcavity, nanocrystal quantum dot lasers on a silicon chip. An ultrahigh-Q silica toroidal microcavity is fabricated on a silicon chip and CdSe/ZnS (Core/Shell) nanocrystals are spin-cast to form a dense film or a dispersed sub-monolayer of quantum dots on the surface of the cavity. With efficient tapered fiber coupling and optimized incorporation of quantum dots, a lasing threshold energy as low as 9.9 femto-Joules is measured, which is a record-low threshold, to the authors’ knowledge, for a quantum dot laser operating at room-temperature. Mode area compression, provided by the toroidal microcavity, increases the average number of excitons per nanocrystal and selective excitation of quantum dots in the active gain region with a tapered fiber coupling enables higher pumping efficiency compared to that of free-space excitation. In addition, by decreasing the number of quantum dots in the active gain region, the transparency condition is obtained with lower excitation energy. The huge threshold energy reduction by over a factor of million compared to previously demonstrated nanocrystal quantum dot lasers opens up new avenues for application in large laser arrays as well as fundamental exploration for nanocrystal quantum dot lasers, especially in the near-infrared wavelength, using PbS or PbSe nanocrystals.
10:00 AM - O6.3
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Silicon Naphthalocyanine in an Innovative Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Solid Host Material.
Dennis Pacheco 1 , William Russell 1 , Alan Gelb 1
1 , Physical Sciences Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractIn this work, we studied the properties of an innovative organic/inorganic hybrid material as a solid host for nonlinear optical dyes. This hybrid material, designated polymer-filled nanoporous glass (PFNPG), consists of a nanoporous glass structure (average pore size ≈7 – 10 nm and matrix porosity ≈38 – 40%) filled with an organic polymer. The motivation for the work is that nonlinear optical processes in dyes are most effectively studied at high fluences. This is difficult to achieve in conventional dye-compatible solid hosts (e.g., bulk polymers) due to optical damage. By contrast, undoped PFNPG samples show optical damage thresholds of ≈42 J/cm2, a value significantly higher than is observed for bulk polymers. In this study, we investigated the nonlinear optical properties of the model compound silicon naphthalocyanine (SiNc) doped into PFNPG. Measurements included UV-vis absorption spectra, z-scans and energy scans as functions of dye concentration and sample thickness. The excitation source for the nonlinear tests was a TEM00, Q-switched, doubled YAG laser (λ = 532 nm; Δt ≈ 5 ns) in an f/5 optical layout. Nonlinear activation thresholds and optical damage thresholds were derived from the measurements. The transmission data were compared with computer modeling, which was used to establish the relevant rates for the SiNc molecule in PFNPG. The model was also used to calculate the energy deposition and temperature rise as functions of depth into the material.
10:15 AM - O6.4
Hybrid sol-gel Protective Coating for High-power Laser Amplifier Silvered Reflectors.
Philippe Prene 1 , Yves Montouillout 1 , Laurence Beaurain 1 , Claude Bonnin 1 , Philippe Belleville 1
1 , CEA Le Ripault, Monts France
Show AbstractThursday, April 20New presenter9:15 am O6.4Hybrid sol-gel Protective Coating for High-power Laser Amplifier Silvered Reflectors. Laurence Beaurain
10:30 AM - **O6.5
High Performance Polymer Photonic Devices by Material and Interface Engineering
Yang Yang 1
1 Materials Sci. & Eng., UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
Show AbstractPolymer photonic devices, such as PLED and PV cells, are of increasing interests due to their potential high efficiency and low-cost fabrication. In this presentation, we will present the recent progresses in highly efficient white PLEDs (higher than 16 lm/watt) and solar cells (near 5% power conversation efficiency). These achievements are from the material processing of polymer materials as well as the interface engineering between the cathode and the polymer, respecitvely. For PLEDs, the dominating factor for achieving high efficiency for a given polymer is the balance and confinement of electrons and holes. In this presntation, we report a general method to significantly increase the efficiency of PLEDs by controlling the charge injection and distribution through material processing and interface engineering in the device. By blending high bandgap and low bandgap polymers in proper ratios, we were able to introduce charge traps in the light emitting polymer (LEP) layer. Similarly, by introducing an electron injection/hole blocking layer, we were able to enhance the minority carrier (electron) injection and confine holes to the emissive layer. Efficient and balanced charge injections, as well as charge confinement, are attained simultaneously, and as a result high efficiency devices can be achieved. This is a simple yet powerful concept in enhancing the overall efficiency of PLEDs. To illustrated our concept, we have blended 0.25%-2% of MEH-PPV with PFO as the active polymer layer for PLEDs. A Cs2CO3 electron injection (and hole blocking) layer is used at the cathode interface. The emission from the device covers colors from white to yellow, depending on the blending ratio, with the highest peak efficiency of 16 lumen/watt (lm/W). To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest reported efficiency for a white emission PLED.For PV cells, by growing the P3HT and PCBM composite film slowly, we have achieved unique polymer morphology which balances the charge mobility between the holes and electrons, and increasing the light absorption. As a result, the PV cells have reached 4.4% efficiency.(The PV cell efficiency has been calibrated against NREL's setup. The author appreciates the help from NREL for providing the calibration and some initial measurements for the UCLA team, and very important technical discussions.)
11:30 AM - O6.6
On-Wire Lithography.
Lidong Qin 1 , Chad Mirkin 1
1 Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
Show AbstractWe have developed a high throughput procedure for lithographically processing one-dimensional nanowires to generate nanowires with regular nanoscale gaps. This procedure, termed on-wire lithography (OWL), combines advances in template directed synthesis of nanowires with electrochemical deposition and wet-chemical etching, and allows one to routinely fabricate face-to-face disk arrays and gap structures in the 2 nm to several hundred nanometer range. In our procedure, striped metallic nanowires are synthesized, and then dispersed on a substrate. Sonication results in dispersion of the wires, and etching of sacrificial stripes forms gaps of desired dimensions. Electronic and spectroscopic applications of such materials will be discussed.
11:45 AM - O6.7
Structural Colors By Ionic Self-Assembly.
Paul Calvert 1 , Mithun Shah 1 , Prabir Patra 1
1 , umass dartmouth, north dartmouth, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractNature has many examples of interference colors, the bright blue of the Morpho butterflies being a prime example. We are seeking a method to produce such colors synthetically that might ultimately be adapted to printing onto films or textiles. Ionic self-assembly is used for repetitive deposition of cationic polymer (polyethyleneimine) and nanoparticles on glass substrates. Alternating stacks of high and low refractive index, each 1/4 wavelength thick, are formed by using tin oxide and silica particles respectively, each for about 10 deposition cycles. After 3 alternating layers, the films become colored. The reflectance spectra of these films on glass slides and glass fibers was compare with predictions of a model for such multilayer stacks from Huxley and Land. We obtained close agreement in both wavelength and intensity for films that had a bright blue color similar to the butterfly. Extending the model to a range of incident angles, it can be seen that the color goes black rather than shifting wavelength as the surface is tilted. These films could be used as chemical or humidity sensors.
12:00 PM - O6.8
Functionalization of Photonic Crystal Microcavities with Active Materials.
Yun-Ju Lee 1 , Ganapathi Subramania 1 , Bernadette Hernandez-Sanchez 1 , Michael Niehaus 1 , Timothy Boyle 1 , Joseph Cesarano 1 , Paul Clem 1
1 , Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
Show Abstract2-D photonic crystal microcavities coupled to line defect waveguides operating at a wavelength of 1.5 μm have been fabricated from Si and/or GaAs using e-beam lithography.[1] Incorporation of active materials in these microcavities may enable direct modulation of the optical signal, such as tuning of the resonance wavelength and control of the peak shape. Here, we describe the deposition of nanoparticles into photonic crystal microcavities through spin coating and/or airbrushing of nanoparticles on lithographically patterned substrates. As an example, monodisperse PbSe nanoparticles are synthesized following a published procedure,[2] with photoluminescence coupled to the 2-D photonic band gap. PbSe films are deposited from a hexane-based suspension onto e-beam resist-protected microcavities, followed by resist liftoff. The effects of the microcavity mode on the emission characteristics of the PbSe nanoparticles will be examined.Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corp., a Lockheed Martin company, for the US DOE NNSA, under contract DE-AC04-94AL850001. Subramania, G.; Lin, S. Y.; Wendt, J. R.; Rivera, J. M., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 4491.2. Yu, W. W.; Falkner, J. C.; Shih, B. S.; Colvin, V. L., Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, 3318.
12:15 PM - O6.9
Fabrication of Ultra-thin (~ 100 nm), Low-index Nanoporous Silica Films for Photonic Devices: Role of Substrate Adhesion on the Film Thickness.
Manas Ojha 1 , Joel Plawsky 1 , William Gill 1
1 , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States
Show AbstractLow refractive index, nanoporous silica films can enhance the reflectivity of multilayer omni directional reflectors by decreasing the refractive index of the low index layer below that of dense silicon dioxide (~1.458) or even of magnesium fluoride (~ 1.4). Precise thickness and refractive index control of the low-index dielectric layer are required to achieve maximum benefit. In this paper, we demonstrate successful processing and integration of quarter wavelength nanoporous silica films (105 nm thick; refractive index ~ 1.24 @ 632.8 nm) for applications in omni directional reflectors. The low-index film’s thickness was found to depend strongly on the choice of underlying substrate and for identical processing conditions, the film thickness decreased in the order Si > GaAs > GaSb. The thickness variation on these substrates was related to liquid-solid adhesion during spin coating and final film thicknesses were well correlated with the contact angle and spreading coefficient for the sol on the substrate. Two different models were evaluated to simulate the dependence of film thickness on the underlying substrate. The spin coating model proposed by Yanagisawa et al introduces liquid slip at the solid-liquid interface and the model of Adrienko et al proposes the formation of an interfacial vapor layer that provides for an effective slip at the interface. Calculated film thickness values using both the models agree well with those obtained from the experiments.
12:30 PM - O6.10
Thin Film Polymer/Liquid Crystal Composite Materials for Holographic Optical Element Applications
Michael Ermold 1 , Adam Fontecchio 1
1 Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Show AbstractAs traditional focusing mirrors become large, they suffer from structural instabilities requiring complex and expensive support systems to maintain excellent reflected wavefront quality. Thin film holographic optical elements (HOEs) fabricated in holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) gratings present a unique advantage over traditional optics. H-PDLC thin films are lightweight, conformal, and are electronically controllable. Even on the small scale (several cm in diameter), HOE devices can be used as electrically controlled beam steering and focusing optics, which will eliminate the need for moving parts. Employing multiple HOEs with different reflection wavelengths can eliminate mechanical beam steering devices and rotating color filter wheels. Also, by slightly altering the recording geometry, we can write holographic lenses.We report on holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) gratings fabricated in reflection and transmission mode with the ability to collect and focus light. The key to achieving gratings of this type is to pass one of the holographic recording beams through a lens or reflect it from a convex or concave mirror. Through modeling of the optical properties of the films, we can determine the amount of phase-separated liquid crystal, a highly important parameter in these devices. This work will present the diffraction efficiency, electro-optical switching properties, wavelength response, and a theoretical description of the holographic interference pattern. Theoretical models are supported by SEM and polarization optical microscope (POM) images, and the predictions are compared to experimental data.
12:45 PM - O6.11
High Photosensitive Hybrid Materials (Photo-Hybrimer) for Direct UV Writing of Multimode Optical Waveguides
Byeong-Soo Bae 1 , Woo-Soo Kim 1 , Dong Jun Kang 1
1 , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon Korea (the Republic of)
Show AbstractMultimode optical waveguides having large core structure are useful in fabrication of cheap optical devices used in access network communication or optical printed circuit board (PCB) due to their easy coupling and packaging capabilities. In order to fabricate cheaper multimode optical waveguides for practical applications, simpler fabrication process as well as economical materials should be needed. Thus, polymer materials with various fabrication processes have been developed for multimode optical waveguides. However, they have some limitations to use in practical applications.Recently, sol-gel derived organic-inorganic hybrid materials (hybrimers) have been investigated for optical waveguide devices since they have unique characteristic over polymers. The hybrimers can form thick films and, have low optical absorption and birefringence with high thermal stability. Thus, they can be potential candidate for multimode optical waveguides. In addition, the hybrimers containing photocehemical or/and photoactive monomers are highly photosensitive to change refractive index upon UV exposure. Thus, simple UV illumination can write optical waveguides without any lithographic process.In this paper, we will introduce the high photosensitive hybrimers (photo-hybrimers) for application of multimode optical waveguides in association with various photosensitive mechanisms such as densification/condensation, polymerization, decomposition, photo-locking, and photo-migration. Depending on matrix composition and concentration of droppings as well as UV wavelength, they showed different photosensitivities, the changes in refractive index and volume upon UV exposure. Then, the refractive index modulated multimode optical waveguides were fabricated using both a UV lamp with a photomask and HeCd laser. The fabricated optical waveguides have low optical propagation loss, less than 0.2dB/cm and thermally stable. These give the competitive technology of low price and high performance to be used in fabrication of optical waveguide devices. Finally, the flexible free stranding film multimode optical waveguide was fabricated using direct UV-writing of photo-hybrimers which can be used bent optical interconnects. It had low bending excess loss as well as low optical propagation loss.
O7: Hybrid Materials for Biological Applications
Session Chairs
Thursday PM, April 20, 2006
Room 3005 (Moscone West)
2:30 PM - O7.1
Electronic Detection of DNA Hybridization by Field-Effect Sensors.
Massimo Barbaro 1 , Annalisa Bonfiglio 1 2 , Luigi Raffo 1 , Andrea Alessandrini 2 , Paolo Facci 2 , imrich barak 3
1 Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari Italy, 2 , S3-INFM-CNR, Modena Italy, 3 , Institute of Molecular Biology - Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava Slovakia
Show AbstractA novel approach to detection of DNA hybridization based on the use of field-effect, label-free, fully electronic sensors, is presented. With respect to classic approach, which requires immobilization of probe single-strand DNA molecules on a passive substrate, labelling of target molecules and detection of the label by external equipment, we propose an approach which makes use of an active electronic substrate capable of direct detection of oligonucleotides. Direct electronic detection has several advantages: the detector is incorporated in the substrate, the output signal can be directly acquired and processed on a chip, automatic recognition is achievable in real-time and at low-cost.The device, called CMFET (charge-modulated field-effect transistor), is compatible with a standard CMOS process, thus allowing fully electronic readout and large scale of integration of biosensors on a single chip. The proposed device, incorporates the characteristics of floating-gate transistors and those of gate-exposed transistors such as the ion-sensitive field-effect transistor. In fact, it is composed of a floating-gate transistor, a control capacitor and an active area where DNA molecules are immobilized. The active area is the site for DNA immobilization and detection, after chemical activation of the surface by means of deposition of a spacer layer capable of anchoring DNA thiolated molecules.The detection mechanism is based on the field-effect due to the intrinsic electric charge carried by the DNA molecules. In normal operation the transistor operates as a floating-gate device: the voltage applied to the control-gate is transferred, by capacitive coupling, to the floating-gate, turning the MOS transistor “on”. When single-strand DNA probes are bound on the active area, an image electric charge is induced on the metal surface facing the spacer, so the voltage drop between floating-gate and body changes. In this way, the control-gate voltage is used to turn-on the transistor, while the presence of charged molecules modulates the actual value of the current for a given bias. When hybridization occurs, the total charge bound on active area increases (approximately doubles) and a change in the current can be measured. This change can be modelled as due to a shift of the effective threshold voltage of the transistor.A test chip, containing 16 sensors, was realized in a standard 0.8μm CMOS process and successfully tested. Hybridization could be detected by changes in the threshold voltage of transistor pairs (active and reference transistor). The realized device is attractive for its full compatibility with a standard CMOS process, moreover, with respect to other gate-exposed sensors, it incorporates an integrated counter-electrode (the control capacitor) which simplifies integration.The same device structure was also realized in organic, flexible electronics and experiments results on first prototypes are encouraging.
2:45 PM - O7.2
Biocompatible Self-Assembled Monolayers on Oxide Surfaces That Minimize Non-Specific Binding.
Aaron Anderson 1 , Andrew Dattelbaum 3 , Jurgen Schmidt 2 , Basil Swanson 1
1 C-PCS, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States, 3 MST-CINT, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States, 2 B-3, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamso, New Mexico, United States
Show AbstractSurfaces that support the conjugation of a recognition ligand while also minimizing non-specific adsorption of biomolecules are important for both biosensor and anti-biofouling applications. Several researchers have demonstrated that alkane-thiol SAMs with terminal PEGs (polyethyleneglycols) on gold have excellent properties in terms of minimizing non-specific binding. However, the use of PEGylated SAMs on oxide surfaces remains an undeveloped field despite the advantages they would afford in terms of the transduction approaches that require oxide surfaces. In search of an oxide-based coating that exploits the benefits of lipid bilayers while minimizing their disadvantages, we have explored several routes to a variety of thin films with terminal PEG groups. During this process, we have found a preparative route to a surface that is comparable to lipid bilayer membranes with respect to non-specific adsorption, but is stable under a variety of conditions that lipid bilayers do not survive. We will discuss in general terms the development, preparation, and characterization of this thin film by contact angle, atomic force microscopy, and ellipsometry. Additionally, we will present, compare, and contrast the characterization of our films by fluorescence microscopy and on optical waveguides. Finally, we will outline some of the current and potential uses of our SAM technology.
3:00 PM - O7.3
A Structural and Functional Investigation of the Formation of Organic-inorganic Hybrid Tissues in Sea Star (Echinoderm , Asteroid).
Suresh Valiyaveettil 2 , Gayathri Subramaniam 2 , R Manjunatha Kini 3 , Daniel Morse 4
2 Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore, 3 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore, 4 , Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, Santa Barbara, California, United States
Show Abstract3:15 PM - O7.4
Phonon Engineering in Hybrid Bio-Inorganic Nanostructures
Alexander Balandin 1 , Vladimir Fonoberov 1
1 Nano-Device Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, California, United States
Show AbstractGenetically modified viruses have been recently proposed as templates for assembly of nanometer scale components of electronic circuits. Here we show that, in addition to their role as nano-templates, viruses can actually improve the electron transport properties in semiconductor nanotubes grown on them [1]. In the considered hybrid virus-inorganic nanostructures, which consist of silica or silicon nanotubes deposited on tobacco mosaic viruses, the confined acoustic phonons are found to be redistributed between the nanotube shell and the acoustically soft virus enclosure. As a result, the low-temperature electron mobility in the hybrid virus-silicon nanotube can increase by a factor of four compared to that of an empty silicon nanotube. We also show that it can lead to the enhancement of the low-temperature thermal conductivity in the virus-silicon nanotube, with corresponding improvement in heat removal from the hybrid nanostructure-based nanocircuits. These two facts indicate that the hybrid bio-inorganic nanostructures are natural candidates for the phonon engineered nanostructures due to the strong acoustic mismatch between the biological and inorganic materials. The results of the micro-Raman spectroscopy of the hybrid virus-inorganic nanostructures will also be discussed [2].This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation award to A.A.B. and MARCO Focus Center on Functional Engineered Nano Architectonics (FENA).1. V.A. Fonoberov and A.A. Balandin, Nano Letters, 5, 1920 (2005).2. W.L. Liu, K. Alim, A.A. Balandin et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 253108 (2005).
3:30 PM - O7.5
Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Light Emitting Diode Based Bio-Chemical Sensor.
Sunil Penna 1 , Sudhaprasanna Padigi 1 , Shalini Prasad 1
1 Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States
Show AbstractWe report a low-cost “use and throw” air based hybrid OLED bio-chemical sensor which can be used for detection of biological and chemical agents. This is a multilayered structure comprising of an anode, a polymer with a nanomaterial coating and a cathode. The polymer layer with the nanomaterial coating is sandwiched between the cathode and the anode. The principle of operation is that when the biochemical agent comes in contact with the cathode layer the intensity of the emitted light changes. The presence of a nanomaterial improves the electroluminescence and photoluminescence efficiency of the device. It is also observed that the operating stability of the device for sensing is improved when the cathode is coated with a nanomaterial. These devices are fabricated in a nonclean room environment with a high efficiency. These devices are scalable and can be fabricated of any dimension.
O8: Mechanical and Interfacial Effects in Hybrid Materials
Session Chairs
Thursday PM, April 20, 2006
Room 3005 (Moscone West)
4:15 PM - **O8.1
Building with Artificial Atoms: Routes to Multi-functional Nanomaterials and Nanocrystal Based Devices.
Elena Shevchenko 1 2 3 , Dmitri Talapin 1 2 , Jeffrey Urban 1 4 , Christopher Murray 1
1 Nanoscale Materials & Devices, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, United States, 2 , The Molecular Foundry, Berkeley, California, United States, 3 Applied Physics & Applied Mathematics, Columbia Univeristy, New York, New York, United States, 4 Department of Chemistry, Michigan State Univeristy, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
Show AbstractColloidal nanocrystals and nanowires with controlled crystal shape, structure and surface passivation are increasingly available. Some examples of our contributions the synthesis of these systems will be shared. The tunability of the electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of these structures motivates their use in the design new materials and integration into new devices. I will next discuss the organization of monodisperse nanoscale building blocks in to single component superlattices that retain and enhance many of the desirable mesoscopic properties of individual nanocrystals. Some of the applications of single component magnetic and semiconducting superlattices will be discussed before moving on to the preparation and characterization of more exotic multi-component superlattices. This work has lead to to the creation of many new binary nanoparticle superlattices BNSLs. I will a few provide examples prepared from differently sized PbS, PbSe, CoPt3, Fe2O3, Au, Ag and Pd nanocrystals, mixing and matching these nanoscale building blocks to yield a rich array of multifunctional nanocomposites (metamaterials).
4:45 PM - O8.2
Zeolite (MFI) Films Bound to Gold(111) by a Novel Tri-thiolate Self-Assembled Monolayer
Andrew Ichimura 1 , Wanda Lew 1 , David Fong 1 , Georgi Diankov 1
1 Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States
Show AbstractThin zeolite films have found applications as size and shape selective sensors, electrodes, membranes, and low-k dielectric materials.[1] Our interest zeolite monolayers originates in the unique electronic properties of alkali metal doped pure silica zeolites, such as, cesium doped siliceous MFI (Cs@MFI). Cs@MFI is novel intercalation material that exhibits broad near infrared (NIR) absorptions characteristic of nearly free electrons.[2] A related material, Cs@IFR, has been extensively characterized [2,3] and was predicted to be a low dimensional metal[4]. In order to take advantage of the electric and optical properties that these materials present our goal was to interface silica zeolites with a conducting surface, in this case, a gold(111) substrate. 3-Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPT) has been used in many studies of zeolite films on gold. MPT readily forms self-assembled monolayers (SAM) and can be cross-linked to form a platform for zeolite film growth.[1] As an alternative to the MPT monolayers and because of our interest in electrical properties of metal doped zeolites, we developed a novel SAM, based on the reaction of mercaptoethanol films with silicon tetrachloride, that forms densely packed assemblies with silanol functional groups oriented normal to the surface. The molecules in the resulting monolayer are bound to the surface by three thiolate moieties. To prepare continuous MFI films, the multilayer (Si/Au(111)/monolayer) substrate is subjected to standard hydrothermal synthesis methods. High resolution SEM measurements suggest that the monolayer surface is initially seeded with nanoscale MFI crystals that are tethered to the surface by the silanol groups. The MFI film then grows between the seed crystals. Grazing angle XRD measurements show that the film is oriented with the b-axis normal to the gold surface. This report will focus on the results of XRD, SEM, AFM, and FTIR measurements of MFI films grown on the novel trithiolate SAM. Preliminary work on the optical properties of alkali metal doped zeolite films will also be reported. 1.Bein, T. Chem. Mater 1999, 8, 1636-1653.2.Ichimura, A. S.; Lew, W. unpublished results.3.Ichimura, A. S.; Dye, J. L.; Camblor, M. A.; Villaescusa, L. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 1170-1171.4.Wernette, D. P.; Ichimura, A. S.; Urbin, S. A.; Dye, J. L. Chem. Mater., 2003, 15(7), 1441-1448.5.Li, Z.; Yang, J.; Hou, J. G.; Zhu, Q.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 1170-1171.
5:00 PM - O8.3
Toward Devices Based on Glancing Angle Deposition Thin Films with Engineered Morphology and Surface Chemistry.
Jeremy Sit 1 , Shufen Tsoi 1 , Enrico Fok 2 , Jonathan Veinot 2
1 Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2 Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Show AbstractThe advanced thin film physical vapour deposition technique known as glancing angle deposition (GLAD) can be used to fabricate porous, nanostructured, microcolumnar thin films with complete control over film morphology. GLAD-grown thin film media can be exploited for their high, accessible porosity for applications such as supercapacitors and humidity sensors. Because the films can be easily sculpted into morphologies such as helices or square spirals with precise control over handeness and pitch (leading to tunability of the spectral properties), optical applications such as polarisation-sensitive filters and photonic crystals are feasible and have been demonstrated by many researchers. In short, inherent to the GLAD technique is the ability to engineer the properties of the film through control of the columnar morphology. However, what has been missing, up until recently, is the ability to tailor the surface properties of GLAD films with the same degree of control. We have demonstrated in recent work that application of siloxane-based self-assembly to GLAD films of various oxides adds an important chemical “dimension” to our control over the properties of the thin films. For example, siloxane-based surface chemistry on SiO2 films can exploit the reactivity of surface Si-OH groups and take the originally hydrophillic film and render it superhydrophobic as evidenced by advancing aqueous contact angle measurements. Combining the abilities of the GLAD technique to control the structure of the film and the abilities of our chemical functionalisation techniques to control the surface of the film leads to new applications in devices where we can exploit both dimensions of control and tailor the interaction between the GLAD films and other substances. Appropriate choice of functional groups leads to tunability of the degree of hydrophobicity of functionalised GLAD surfaces. GLAD-based sensors are a second possibility. They exploit the columnar nature of the film which results in large amounts of open surface resulting in high interaction between the film and its environment. Surface chemistry tools give us the means to improve existing sensors or tune them to work with different materials. Finally, we also demonstrate the ability of the surface chemistry techniques to desensitise an optical device to render it less sensitive to humidity effects.
5:15 PM - O8.4
Characterization of OLED materials.
Xue-Feng Lin 1 , Stephen Smith 1 , Marius Kendall 1 , Ian Ward 1 , Wes Nieveen 1 , Ian Mowat 1 , John Moskito 1
1 , Evans Analytical Group, Sunnyvale, California, United States
Show AbstractEmissive organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology has attracted extensive attention in both industrial and fundamental research fields due to the wide range of its potential applications. Some of most successful current OLED products are the full-color displays in consumer electronic devices. Based on “plastic” semiconductor materials, OLED displays show great advantages over the traditional liquid crystal displays in both manufacture and performance. It has been demonstrated that OLED displays typically are more easily made, use less power, and show better picture quality. Accurate and efficient characterization of these materials plays an important role in optimizing the manufacture of OLED materials.A typical OLED studied in this report consists of multi-layered passivation (barrier)/Al/organic material/indium tin oxide/glass substrate. The electronic nature of the layers varies between insulating and metallic, and the thickness of the layers varies from a few microns down to a few hundred Ångstroms. Characterization of these materials can include measurement of trace and major element concentration profiles, diffusion between layers, interfacial structures, chemical bonding, energy band structures, etc. Better characterization will aid improvement in the performance and operational lifetime of OLED displays. However, the significant variations in layer thickness and electronic nature present serious challenges for the quantitative layer-by-layer analysis of OLED materials. The wide range of properties of these different layers means that the analyses are very sensitive to the instrumental conditions which need to be optimized to avoid potential measurement errors. This is particularly the case for the relatively fragile and thin organic layer that exists between the hard and thick barrier layers and various oxides.In this article, we present results of OLED characterization using several different analytical techniques (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, and Auger Electron Spectroscopy). The objective of this research is to demonstrate new approaches for characterizing OLED multi-layer materials. To get more detailed information for each layer, a delamination technique was used for sample preparation. By delaminating the multi-layer structure at appropriate interfaces, we could perform analytical measurements in different directions inside the OLED, and therefore more efficiently characterize the material. Combining the results obtained from these different characterization tools, we discuss observed chemical composition profiles, inter-layer diffusion, interfacial and geometric structures, chemical bonding, and energy band structures.
5:30 PM - O8.5
Multiscale Modeling of Metal Nitride Interface Film Formation on Self-assembled Monolayers: Studies of Inorganic-Organic Interfaces.
Mohit Haran 1 , Joe Goose 1 , Paulette Clancy 1
1 Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States
Show AbstractSelf assembled monolayers (SAMs) of organic molecules on metal/semiconductor surfaces are the subject of great interest due to their utility in nanodevices. In such applications two interfaces along with packing of SAMs surface become important, and understanding the formation at atomistic scale precision of both is critical to effectively making use of SAMs in these devices. While formation of the bottom contact is a well studied area, the formation of top contacts is an immature field. We have been examining the reactions of transition metal coordination complexes, such as Ti[N(CH3)2]4 and Ta[N(CH3)2]5, with on aryl and alkyl SAMs possessing different endgroup functionalities (e.g., -SH, -NH2 and -OH), in order to develop an understanding of interface formation. In this presentation, we will highlight our most recent work that includes first principle modeling of influence of variation in metal ligand, precursor size chain backbone, and packing density on the deposition kinetics of organometallics precursors on SAMs, in an atomic layer deposition process (ALD). Based on these, we were able to engineer the SAM backbone by fluorine incorporation to enhance deposition kinetics on amine SAMs. We have also studied the kinetics of competing side reactions which define the developing surface as well the operating window of ALD process, on various substrates. For example, Metallacycle formation via beta-hydride elimination was found to be thermodynamically limited below 400 K on amine SAMs, suggesting that this is an upper processing temperature limit to prevent incorporation of “carbidic” Ti-C. This catalogue on kinetics of competing reactions on surfaces is subsequently used in mesoscale Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations to evaluate the nitride film formation as a function of deposition parameters like temperature to characterize film composition for impurities like carbon. Similarly, an understanding on influence of underlying SAMs structure to choice of substrate, molecule and deposition conditions is important for making better films. We also report multiscale simulations of self-assembly of conjugated aromatic SAMs on different substrates to understand the packing of the first monolayer growth. Our studies provide atomistic insight into nature of molecule-molecule interactions and molecule surface interactions, obtained from ab initio calculations. The interactions are being used in lattice based KMC simulations, providing first monolayer information, hard to achieve experimentally. We will discuss the importance of these and other results concerning what they say about designing an effective means to make top contacts to molecular monolayer structures.